The Workingmen's Party of California (WPC) was an American labor organization, founded in 1877 and led by Denis Kearney, J. G. Day, and H. L. Knight.[1]
Workingmen's Party of California | |
---|---|
Leader | Denis Kearney |
Founded | 1877 |
Dissolved | 1883 |
Ideology | Anti-Chinese racism |
Its famous slogan was "The Chinese must go!"[2]
Organizational history
editAs a result of heavy unemployment from the 1873–1878 national depression, Sand Lot rallies erupted in San Francisco that led to the Party's formation in 1877.[3] In 1879, the party won 11 seats in the State Senate and 17 in the State Assembly. They also rewrote the state's constitution, denying Chinese-Americans voting rights in California.[4] The most important part of the constitution included the formation of a California Railroad Commission that would oversee the activities of the Central and Pacific Railroad companies that were run by Crocker, Huntington, Hopkins and Stanford.[failed verification][5]
The party took particular aim against cheap Chinese immigrant labor and the Central Pacific Railroad which employed them.[6][7] Their goal was to "rid the country of Chinese cheap labor."[8] Kearney's attacks against the Chinese were of a particularly virulent and openly racist nature, and found considerable support among white Californians of the time. This sentiment led eventually to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
By 1883, there were no WPC members left in either the State Senate or the State Assembly.
Kearney's party should not be confused with the Workingmen's Party of the United States, which was mostly based in the Eastern United States. The branches of the Workingmen's Party of the United States that were in California were absorbed into the Workingmen's Party of California after the latter was growing at a rapid rate and had adopted similar language.[9]
Members
editCity officials
edit- Denis Kearney, party president
- J. G. Day, party vice president
- H. L. Knight, party secretary
- Isaac Smith Kalloch, Mayor of San Francisco (1879–1881)
- Washburne R. Andrus, Mayor of Oakland (1878–1880), candidate for Lieutenant Governor (1879)
- James R. Toberman, Mayor of Los Angeles (1872–1874, 1878–1882)
- William Jefferson Hunsaker, mayor of San Diego (1888)
- Abel Whitton, President of the Berkeley Board of Trustees (1878–1881)
- John F. Godfrey, Los Angeles City Attorney (1876–1880)
- Cayetano Apablasa, member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1877–1878), candidate for State Senate (1880)
State officials
edit- Samuel B. McKee, Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court (1880–1887)
- George Stoneman, Rail Commissioner (1880–1883), Governor of California (1883–1887)
- William F. White, candidate for Governor (1879), Bank Commissioner (1879–1887)
- James J. Ayers, candidate for U.S. Representative (1879), State Printer (1883–1887)
- John W. Bones, California State Senator (1878–1880)
- John P. West, California State Senator (1880–1883)
- Warren Chase, California State Senator (1880–1883)
- William J. Hill, California State Senator (1880–1883)
- Robert Desty, California State Senator-elect (1880, not seated)
- Charles C. Conger, California State Senator (1880–1883)
- Thomas Kane, California State Senator (1880–1883)
- Thorwald Klaudius Nelson, California State Senator (1880–1885)
- Joseph C. Gorman, California State Senator (1880–1883)
- Martin Kelly, California State Senator (1880–1887)
- John S. Enos, California State Senator (1880–1883)
- Pierce H. Ryan, California State Senator (1880–1885)
- Charles W. Cross, candidate for California Attorney General (1879), California State Senator (1883–1887)
- Thomas J. Pinder, California State Assemblyman (1881–1883), California State Senator (1887–1891)
- Samuel Braunhart, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881), California State Senator (1897–1900), Member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors (1900–1906)
- J. E. Clark, California State Assemblyman (1878–1880)
- Elihu Anthony, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- William W. Cuthbert, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- Stephen J. Garibaldi, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- William J. Sinon, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881, 1883–1885)
- John J. McCallion, California State Assemblyman (1880–1883)
- Jeremiah J. McCarthy, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- Garrett Pickett, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- John Burns, California State Assemblyman (1880–1883)
- Patrick T. Gaffey, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- Michael Lane, California State Assemblyman (1880–1883)
- John J. McDade, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- A. B. Maguire, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881), Member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors (1900)
- Stephen Maybell, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- Jeremiah Levee, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- Anderson N. Walker, California State Assemblyman (1880–1881)
- Dennis Geary, California State Assemblyman (1881–1883)
- Horace J. Jackson, California State Assemblyman (1881–1883)
Federal officials
edit- John R. Glascock, candidate for U.S. Representative (1880), U.S. Representative (1883–1885)
- James G. Maguire, California State Assemblyman (1875–1877), Judge of the San Francisco County Superior Court (1882–1888), U.S. Representative (1893–1899)
Other members
edit- Carl Browne, cartoonist
- Henry George, economist
External links
editReferences
edit- ^ Cross, Ira. "Denis Kearney Organizes the Workingmen". West Valley College. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
- ^ Huping Ling; Allan W. Austin (17 March 2015). Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1346–. ISBN 978-1-317-47644-3.
- ^ William B. Secrest (October 2004). California Feuds: Vengeance, Vendettas & Violence on the Old West Coast. Quill Driver Books. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-1-884995-42-2.
- ^ Stephanie S. Pincetl (10 March 2003). Transforming California: A Political History of Land Use and Development. JHU Press. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-8018-7312-6.
- ^ "Denis Kearney and the California Anti-Chinese Campaign". The Chinese Experience. HarpWeek, LLC. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
- ^ Dunn, Geoffrey (1983). Santa Cruz is in the Heart. Capitola Book Company. ISBN 0932319025.
- ^ "Appeal from California. The Chinese Invasion. Workingmen's Address". historymatters.gmu.edu. Indianapolis Times. 28 February 1878. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
- ^ ""Our Misery and Despair": Kearney Blasts Chinese Immigration". History Matters, U.S. Survey Course on The Web. American Social History Productions, Inc., George Mason University & Graduate Center, CUNY. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
- ^ Cross, Ira B. (Ira Brown) (1974). A history of the labor movement in California. Internet Archive. Berkeley, University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02646-9.
Further reading
editBooks and pamphlets
edit- George W. Greene, The Labor agitators, or, The Battle for Bread: The Party of the Future, the Workingmen's Party of California: Is Birth and Organization. Its Leaders and Its Purposes: Corruption in Our Local and State Governments. Venality of the Press. San Francisco: George W. Greene, n.d. [c. 1879].
- Denis Kearney, The Workingmen's Party of California: An Epitome of Its Rise and Progress. San Francisco: Bacon, 1878.
- — Speeches of Dennis Kearney, Labor Champion. New York: Jesse Haney & Co., 1878.
- Chinatown Declared a Nuisance! San Francisco, 1880.
- Neil Larry Shumsky, The Evolution of Political Protest and the Workingmen's Party of California. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992.
Journal articles and dissertations
edit- Frank Michael Fahey, Denis Kearney: A Study in Demagoguery. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University, 1956.
- Roger William Hite, The Public Speaking of Denis Kearney, Labor Agitator. M.S. thesis. University of Oregon, 1967.
- Helen Havens Ingalls, The History of the Workingmen's Party of California. M.A. thesis. University of California, Berkeley, 1919.
- Charles Herzl Kahn, In-group and Out-group Responses to Radical Party Leadership: A Study of the Workingmen's Party of California. M.A. thesis. University of California, Berkeley, 1951.
- Carole Carter Mauss, The San Jose Branch of the Workingmen's Party of California, 1878-1880. M.A. thesis, San Jose State University, 1997.
- Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., "The Demagogue and the Demographer: Correspondence of Denis Kearney and Lord Bryce," Pacific Historical Review, vol. 36, no. 3 (August 1967), pp. 269–288.
- Mary Gabriel O'Connor, Denis Kearney, Sand-lot Orator: A Chronicle of California. M.A. thesis. Dominican College of San Rafael [CA], 1937.
- Robert Dean Potter, Denis Kearney: A Reappraisal. M.A. thesis. Chico State University, 1969.