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Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)

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Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a 1966 American drama film directed by Mike Nichols in his directorial debut. The screenplay by Ernest Lehman is an adaptation of Edward Albee's 1962 play of the same name. It stars Elizabeth Taylor as Martha, Richard Burton as George, George Segal as Nick, and Sandy Dennis as Honey. The film depicts a late-night gathering at the home of a college professor and his wife.

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMike Nichols
Screenplay byErnest Lehman
Based onWho's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
1962 play
by Edward Albee
Produced byErnest Lehman
Starring
CinematographyHaskell Wexler
Edited bySam O'Steen
Music byAlex North
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release date
  • June 21, 1966 (1966-06-21)
Running time
132 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$7.5 million
Box office$33.7 million

The film was nominated for 13 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Mike Nichols. It is one of only two films to be nominated in every eligible category at the Academy Awards (the other is Cimarron). All four main actors were nominated in their respective acting categories, the first time a film's entire credited cast was nominated.

The film won five Oscars: a second Academy Award for Best Actress for Taylor, Best Supporting Actress for Dennis, Best Cinematography, Best Black and White Art Direction and Best Costume Design.

In 2013, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[2]

Plot

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George, an associate professor of history at a small New England college, and his wife Martha, the daughter of the university president, return home drunk from a party. Martha has invited a young married couple she met at the party for a drink. The guests arrive—Nick, a biology professor, and his wife, Honey—just before 2:30 a.m. As the four drink, Martha and George engage in scathing verbal abuse in front of Nick and Honey. The younger couple is first embarrassed and later entangled.

Martha angers George by telling Honey about their son, who will celebrate his 16th birthday the next day. Martha's divulging of this information sets off another fight between the two. Nick confesses to George that he was attracted to Honey for her family's money and married her only because he mistakenly believed she was pregnant. George describes his own marriage as one of never-ending accommodation and adjustment, then admits he considers Nick a threat. George also tells a story about a boy he grew up with who had accidentally killed his mother and, years later, his father and lived out his days in a mental hospital. Nick admits he aims to charm and sleep his way to the top and jokes that Martha would be a good place to start.

When their guests propose leaving, a drunken George insists on driving them home. They approach a roadhouse, and Honey suggests they stop to dance. While Honey and George watch, Nick suggestively dances with Martha, who continues to mock and criticize George. George unplugs the jukebox and announces the game is over. In response, Martha alludes to the fact he may have murdered his parents like the protagonist in his unpublished novel, prompting George to attack Martha until Nick pulls him away from her. George tells the group about a second novel he has written about a teacher and his wife who marry because of her false pregnancy and family money. Honey realizes Nick told George about their past and runs from the room.

Another argument leads Martha to drive off with Nick and Honey, leaving George to make his way back home on foot, where he sees the shadows of Martha and Nick in the bedroom. Through Honey's drunken babbling, George begins to suspect that her pregnancy was in fact real and that she secretly had an abortion. He then devises a plan to get back at Martha.

When Martha accuses Nick of being sexually inadequate, he blames his performance on the liquor he has consumed. Martha and George argue about their son and George announces he has received a telegram saying their son has been killed in a car accident.

As Martha begs George not to "kill" their son, Nick realizes the truth: Martha and George had never been able to have children and filled the void with an imaginary son. George explains that their one mutually agreed upon rule was to never mention the son to anyone else, and that he "killed" him because Martha broke that rule by mentioning him to Honey.

The young couple departs quietly, and George and Martha are left alone as the day begins to break outside. George starts singing the song "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", and Martha responds, "I am, George, I am", while the two hold hands.

Cast

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Production

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Development

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The film's title alludes to the English novelist Virginia Woolf. She committed suicide at age 59 in 1941, leaving a note in which she expressed love for her husband Leonard Woolf and sorrow for the anguish she was causing him.[3] Twenty years later, playwright Edward Albee corresponded with him, asking permission to use his late wife's name in the title of a new play, according to literary critic Leon Edel, an acquaintance of Leonard Woolf.[4] Woolf granted permission, according to Edel.[4]

Albee's 1962 play was filled with dialogue that violated the standard moral guidelines for films at the time, including multiple instances of "goddamn" and "son of a bitch", along with "screw you", "up yours", "monkey nipples" and "hump the hostess".[5] It opened on Broadway during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and audiences who had gone to the theater to forget the threat of nuclear war were shocked by the provocative language and situations they had not seen before outside of experimental theater.[6]

The immediate reaction of the theater audiences, eventually voiced by critics, was that Albee had created a play that would be a great success on Broadway, but could never be filmed in its current form. Neither the audience nor the critics understood how much the Hollywood landscape was changing in the 1960s, and that it could no longer live with any meaningful Production Code.[7] In bringing the play to the screen, Ernest Lehman decided he would not change the dialogue that had shocked veteran theatergoers in New York only four years earlier. Despite serious opposition to this decision, Lehman prevailed.[8]

Casting

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The choice of Elizabeth Taylor—at the time regarded as one of the most beautiful women in the world—to play the frumpy, fifty-ish Martha surprised many, but the actress gained 30 pounds (13.6 kg) for the role. When Warner Bros. head Jack L. Warner approached Albee about buying the film rights for the play, he told Albee that he wanted to cast Bette Davis and James Mason in the roles of Martha and George.[9] In the script, Martha references Davis and quotes her famous "What a dump!" line from the film Beyond the Forest (1949). Albee was delighted by this cast, believing that "James Mason seemed absolutely right...and to watch Bette Davis do that Bette Davis imitation in that first scene—that would have been so wonderful".[9] However, fearing that the talky, character-driven story would land with a resounding thud—and that audiences would grow weary of watching two hours of screaming between a harridan and a wimp—Nichols and Lehman cast stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton.[8] Edward Albee was surprised by the casting decision, but later stated that Taylor was quite good and Burton was incredible. In the end, though, he still felt that "with Mason and Davis you would have had a less flashy and ultimately deeper film".[9]

Filming

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As filming began on July 26 and December 13, 1965, the Catholic Legion of Motion Pictures (formerly the Catholic Legion of Decency), issued a preliminary report that, if what they heard was true, they might have to issue Virginia Woolf with the once-dreaded "condemned" rating, although they promised to wait to see the film. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) followed with an even stronger statement, warning the studio—without promising to wait for a screening—that if they were really thinking of leaving the Broadway play's language intact, they could forget about getting a seal of approval.[5]

Most of the film's exteriors were shot on location at Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.[10] Nichols insisted on this for verisimilitude, but later stated that he had been misguided, that it added nothing artistically, and that these scenes could as well have been shot on any sound stage.

Music

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The film's music is an original score by Alex North. At the time of the film's release, Warner Bros. Records released a gatefold two-LP record soundtrack album set that included the entire film's dialogue as the "Deluxe Edition Two-Record Set". The music was issued as a one-LP release that featured 11 tracks of North's score.[11]

Differences from the play

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The film adaptation differs slightly from the play, which has only four characters. The minor characters of the roadhouse owner, who has only a few lines of dialogue, and his wife, who serves a tray of drinks and leaves silently, were played by the film's gaffer, Frank Flanagan, and his wife, Agnes.

The play is set entirely in Martha and George's house. In the film, one scene takes place at the roadhouse, one in George and Martha's yard, and one in their car. Despite these minor deviations, however, the film is extremely faithful to the play. The filmmakers used the original play as the screenplay and, aside from toning down some of the profanity slightly—Martha's "Screw you!" (which, in the 2005 Broadway revival, is "Fuck you!") becomes "God damn you!"—virtually all of the original dialogue remains intact, although a major monologue by Martha is cut. In the version released in the UK, "Screw you" is kept intact; in an interview at the time of the release, Taylor referred to this phrase as pushing boundaries.

Nick is never referred to or addressed by name during the film or the play.

Distribution

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Warner Bros. studio executives sat down to look at a rough cut, without music, and a Life magazine reporter was present. He printed the following quote from one of the studio chiefs: "My God! We've got a seven million dollar dirty movie on our hands!"[5]

The film was considered groundbreaking for having a level of profanity and sexual implication unheard of at that time.[12] Jack Valenti, who had just become president of the MPAA in 1966, had arranged to update the old Production Code. For the film to be released with MPAA approval, Warner Bros. agreed to deletions of certain profanities and to have a special warning placed on all advertisements for the film, indicating adult content. In addition, all contracts with theatres exhibiting the film included a clause to prohibit anyone under 18 from admittance without adult supervision.[13] Even the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures (NCOMP) refused to "condemn" the film,[5] with the office ruling it "morally unobjectionable for adults, with reservations".[14] This film and Michelangelo Antonioni's Blow-Up (1966) led Valenti to begin work on the MPAA film rating system that went into effect on November 1, 1968. It is also said that Jack L. Warner chose to pay a fine of $5,000 in order to remain as faithful to the play (and its profanity) as possible.[citation needed]

Theatrical release

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Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? premiered on June 21, 1966, at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood.[15][16][17] The film went on to become a financial success, earning a North American rental gross of $14.5 million,[18] which made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1966.

Home media

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The film was first released on DVD in North America on October 1, 1997. It has since been re-released in a two-disc special edition that was concurrently released across North America and much of Europe. To coincide the film's 50th anniversary, Warner Archive Collection released a manufacture-on-demand Blu-ray on May 3, 2016, that was sold exclusively to online retailers.

Critical reception

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The performances of the entire cast (Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor, George Segal and Sandy Dennis) garnered widespread critical acclaim, earning them all Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress respectively, with Taylor and Dennis winning in their categories.

Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote the film was a "[k]een adaptation and handsome production by Ernest Lehman, outstanding direction by Mike Nichols in his feature debut, and four topflight performances score an artistic bullseye." He praised Taylor's performance, writing that her "characterization is at once sensual, spiteful, cynical, pitiable, loathsome, lustful and tender".[19] James Powers of The Hollywood Reporter wrote the film "is an instant film classic, and Warner Bros. deserves the highest credit for making it a movie without compromise." Powers wrote that Taylor "reaches the fullest of her powers as Martha. The actress' beauty and the richness of her personal life have repeatedly obscured the fact that she can be, when she cares to be, an actress of extraordinary power... Miss Taylor is a prime reason the film seems so very seldom a drama, and almost always a violation of privacy, captured with hidden cameras and microphones."[20] Kate Cameron of the New York Daily News wrote Taylor gave "the outstanding acting role of her career" and was "nothing less than brilliant" as Martha.[21]

Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times praised Nichols's direction, writing he had "minimized the 'stage' feeling, and he has given the film an insistent presence, good phrasing and a nervous drive. It sags toward the end, but this is because the third act of the play sags." Of Burton's performance, Kauffmann noted he was "utterly convincing as a man with a great lake of nausea in him, on which he sails with regret and compulsive amusement"; he also praised Taylor for delivering "the best work of her career".[22] A review in Time magazine noted Nichols "does more to enrich Virginia Woolf emotionally. Beneath the surface battles of this love-hate saga, he subtly works in evidence of the rough affection between George and Martha, their easy habits of togetherness and mellowed private jokes; and the characters develop more recognizable human frailty than they ever showed on stage."[23]

In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "Miss Taylor and Mr. Burton are splendid, providing quite as much as the play permits of sharp psychological dissection of the older, corrosive pair. Perhaps Mr. Nichols's direction allows them to punch too hard at times." He also expressed disappointment that Nichols "was not able to get more from the roles of the other couple, whom George Segal and Sandy Dennis play."[24] Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice felt the "movie isn't all that good, but it's reasonably entertaining and effective within certain limitations, some evitable and some inevitable. Why Jack Warner should be applauded for bringing a Broadway hit to the screen is a bit beyond me."[25]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 8.50/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Led by a volcanic performance from Elizabeth Taylor, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a scathing adaptation of the Edward Albee play that serves as a brilliant calling card for debuting director Mike Nichols."[26] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has a score of 75 based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[27]

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? as one of his 100 favorite films.[28]

Accolades

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The film is one of only two films (the other is Cimarron) to be nominated in every eligible category at the Academy Awards. Each of the four actors was nominated for an Oscar but only Elizabeth Taylor and Sandy Dennis won, for Best Actress and Supporting Actress, respectively. The film also won the Black and White Cinematography award for Haskell Wexler's stark, black-and-white camera work (it was the last film to win before the two cinematography categories were combined into one), Best Costume Design and for Best Art Direction (Richard Sylbert, George James Hopkins).[29] It was the first film to have its entire credited cast be nominated for acting Oscars, a feat only accomplished two other times, with Sleuth in 1972 and Give 'em Hell, Harry! in 1975.

Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards Best Picture Ernest Lehman Nominated [30]
Best Director Mike Nichols Nominated
Best Actor Richard Burton Nominated
Best Actress Elizabeth Taylor Won
Best Supporting Actor George Segal Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Sandy Dennis Won
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Ernest Lehman Nominated
Best Art Direction – Black-and-White Art Direction: Richard Sylbert;
Set Decoration: George James Hopkins 		Won
Best Cinematography – Black-and-White Haskell Wexler Won
Best Costume Design – Black-and-White Irene Sharaff Won
Best Film Editing Sam O'Steen Nominated
Best Original Music Score Alex North Nominated
Best Sound George Groves Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film Sam O'Steen Nominated
Bambi Awards Best Actor – International Richard Burton Won
Best Actress – International Elizabeth Taylor Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Film Mike Nichols Won [31]
Best British Actor Richard Burton Won
Best British Actress Elizabeth Taylor Won
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Mike Nichols Nominated [32]
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated [33]
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Richard Burton Nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Elizabeth Taylor Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture George Segal Nominated
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Sandy Dennis Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Mike Nichols Nominated
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Ernest Lehman Nominated
Grammy Awards Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Show Alex North Nominated [34]
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Nominated [35]
Best Actress Elizabeth Taylor Won
Laurel Awards Top Drama Won
Top Male Dramatic Performance Richard Burton Won
Top Female Dramatic Performance Elizabeth Taylor Won
Top Male Supporting Performance George Segal Nominated
Top Female Supporting Performance Sandy Dennis Won
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 4th Place [36]
Best Actress Elizabeth Taylor Won
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted [37]
National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Film Nominated [38]
Best Actor Richard Burton 2nd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Nominated [39]
Best Actor Richard Burton Nominated
Best Actress Elizabeth Taylor Won[a]
Online Film & Television Association Awards Hall of Fame – Motion Picture Inducted [40]
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Drama Ernest Lehman Won [41]

In AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? ranked No. 67.

In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[42]

Paul Mavis of DVD Talk, reviewing Warner Bros.'s 2006 Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton: The Film Collection disc release of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, wrote, "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? exists now as one of the seminal dramas of the modern screen. And its existence counterbalances every gauche public display the Burtons perpetrated, every ream of wasted newsprint devoted to their sometimes silly, outsized lives, and every mediocre film they made before and after its production. It is the peak of their collective and individual careers. And they would never recover from it."[43]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Tied with Lynn Redgrave for Georgy Girl.

References

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  1. ^ "Who's Afraid Of Virginia Woolf?". British Board of Film Classification. June 27, 1966. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  2. ^ Harris, Paul (December 17, 2013). "Pulp Fiction, Roger & Me, Mary Poppins Join National Film Registry". Variety. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  3. ^ Jones, Josh (August 26, 2013). "Virginia Woolf's Handwritten Suicide Note: A Painful and Poignant Farewell (1941)". Open Culture. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Edel, Leon (October 29, 1989). "So Much More Than Virginia's Husband". The New York Times. section 7, page 7. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d Clooney 2002, p. 89.
  6. ^ Clooney 2002, p. 81.
  7. ^ Clooney 2002, pp. 81–82.
  8. ^ a b Clooney 2002, p. 85.
  9. ^ a b c Sikov, Edward (2007). Dark Victory: The Life of Bette Davis. New York: Holt Paperbacks. pp. 364–5. ISBN 978-1-4299-2195-4..
  10. ^ Leavenworth, Jessica (April 12, 2006). "'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?' Some Smith alumnae were". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  11. ^ Leonard, James. "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? [Original Music from the Motion Picture]". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  12. ^ Valenti, Jack. "How It All Began". Motion Picture Association of America. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
  13. ^ "'Virginia Woolf' Not for Kids". St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. May 27, 1966. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  14. ^ Pennington, Jody (July 30, 2007). The History of Sex in American Film. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-0275992262.
  15. ^ "Who's Afraid Of Virginia Woolf (1966)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  16. ^ "Today in History: June 21". WTOP-FM. Associated Press. June 21, 2017. Archived from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  17. ^ Sheppard, Dick (February 12, 1975). "Elizabeth: The Life and Career of Elizabeth Taylor". Warner Books. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2018 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ Finler, Joel Waldo (2003). The Hollywood Story. Wallflower Press. pp. 358–359. ISBN 978-1-903364-66-6.
  19. ^ Murphy, Arthur D. (June 22, 1966). "Film Reviews: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?". Variety. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  20. ^ Powers, James (November 20, 2014) [June 22, 1966]. "'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?' Is a Motion Picture Masterpiece". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  21. ^ Cameron, Kate (November 21, 2014) [June 24, 1966]. "Magnificent Acting in 'Virginia Woolf'". New York Daily News. p. 72. Archived from the original on November 22, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  22. ^ Kauffmann, Stanley (June 24, 1966). "Screen: Funless Games at George and Martha's". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  23. ^ "Cinema: Marital Armageddon". Time. July 1, 1966. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  24. ^ Crowther, Bosley (July 10, 1966). "Who's Afraid of Audacity?". The New York Times. p. 73. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  25. ^ Sarris, Andrew (July 28, 1966). "Films". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  26. ^ "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  27. ^ "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  28. ^ Thomas-Mason, Lee. "From Stanley Kubrick to Martin Scorsese: Akira Kurosawa once named his top 100 favourite films of all time". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
  29. ^ "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  30. ^ "The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
  31. ^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1968". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  32. ^ "19th Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
  33. ^ "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  34. ^ "9th Annual GRAMMY Awards". Grammy Awards. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  35. ^ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1966-69". Kansas City Film Critics Circle. December 11, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  36. ^ "1966 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  37. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  38. ^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. December 19, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  39. ^ "1966 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". New York Film Critics Circle. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  40. ^ "Film Hall of Fame Productions". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  41. ^ "Awards Winners". Writers Guild of America Awards. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  42. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (December 18, 2013). "Library of Congress announces 2013 National Film Registry selections". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  43. ^ "Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton: The Film Collection". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Gefter, Philip (2024). Cocktails with George and Martha: Movies, Marriage, and the Making of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781635579628. OCLC 1420225016. On the play, the 1966 film adaptation, and their impact.
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