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Hangzhou Daily

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Hangzhou Daily or Hangzhou Ribao[1] (simplified Chinese: 杭州日报; traditional Chinese: 杭州日報; pinyin: Hángzhōu rìbào) is a Hangzhou-based Chinese daily newspaper and is one of the most circulated newspapers in the world[2][3].Hangzhou Daily is a newspaper of the People's Republic of China, founded on November 1, 1955. It is currently the official newspaper of the Hangzhou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, managed by the Hangzhou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and sponsored by the Hangzhou Daily Newspaper Group (Hangzhou Daily). This newspaper is the third official newspaper of a provincial capital city party committee, following the Yangtze River Daily and Shenyang Daily. The masthead of Hangzhou Daily features a character in Mao Zedong's handwriting, collected in 1958[4].The comprehensive strength of this newspaper ranks among the top in the national vice provincial city party committee organ newspapers[5].

History

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On 18 April 1955, the CPC Hangzhou Municipal Committee set up the Preparatory Committee of Hangzhou Daily, and Hu Jingwei, member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Hangzhou Municipal Committee and Minister of Propaganda Department, was also the director. On 1 November of the same year, Hangzhou Daily was founded, and at the early stage of its publication, the newspaper was a folio 4-page, in order of news, local news, culture and life and other side special edition and Xinhua News Agency Telegraph Edition. in the early 1960s, due to economic difficulties, it changed to a 4-page 4-page and a limited circulation of 30,000 copies[6].

After the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, from 1 to 10 January 1967, all editions of Hangzhou Daily carried only Xinhua News Agency wire service, and resumed normal publication from 11. 5 September 1968, the publication was suspended, and resumed publication on 16 December of the same year, and was still a 4-page 4-page[6].

In 1985, the newspaper was restored to a 4-page folio edition, and after the 1990s, Hangzhou Daily continued to change and expand its edition. In March 1992, the folio was a 4-page publication titled 'West Lake Weekend,' which was later expanded to 8 color pages.; November 1993 launched the "Afternoon Edition" (for the predecessor of the "Daily Business Daily"). 2000 January 1, "Hangzhou Daily" expanded to 12 pages of colour printing[6].

On 31 December 1999, Hangzhou Daily launched the 100th edition of the commemorative issue to welcome the new century, which was divided into five parts, namely, "Brilliant History", "Ancient Capital Literary Rhythm", "Cangsang Town", "Hundred Schemes of Livelihood", "Hundred Years of Elites", of which more than 60 pages were devoted to news, which created a record for the number of pages published by Zhejiang Newspapers in a day. 20 October 2000, to celebrate the West Lake Expo 2000 was held, the Hangzhou Daily launched the 12-page colour edition. To celebrate the 2000 West Lake Expo, Hangzhou Daily launched a 128-page special edition of the 2000 West Lake Expo, and produced a set of special edition CD-ROM for publication[6].

On 14th November 2000, Hangzhou Daily was named as "the second advanced unit of local newspaper management" by the General Administration of Press and Publication of the People's Republic of China[4], and on 8th November 2001, Hangzhou Daily Newspaper Group was established.

In 2018, the newspaper was selected as one of the top 100 national newspapers in 2017[7].

Layout & Content

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The Hangzhou Daily now has 8 pages on Mondays, 20 pages on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, 24 pages on Thursdays and Fridays, and 4 pages on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. The content of the newspaper covers important news, Hangzhou news, district and county (city) news, Zhejiang news, China and international news, economic news, culture and sports news and supplements[8].

In the early 1980s, the newspaper put forward the policy of "new, fast, short, active and deep", and in 1993, when the newspaper expanded its edition for the first time, it made a breakthrough in the quantity, quality and timeliness of the news, while stipulating that the first and second pages should be published every day. At the same time, the newspaper stipulated that there should be at least 3 news articles about yesterday on each of the first and second pages of the newspaper every day. 2000, when the newspaper was expanded, the number of news pages of Hangzhou Daily was increased from 7 to 10, and the number of news pages was expanded from 7 to 10, with the expansion of the news page, international and domestic page, sports and culture page and the addition of new Hangzhou news page, economic news page, and point of view page, which increased the amount of information of the newspaper after the expansion and reform[6].

Since the 1950s, the newspaper has attached great importance to economic reports, and since 1980, it has been the first newspaper in mainland China to open a special section on "Tourism", which includes travelogue, introduction of famous places and monuments, travelogue and Hangzhou scenery, etc. In terms of supplements, the newspaper has been expanding its news section since its establishment. In terms of supplements, the newspaper has had a comprehensive supplement "Cultural Life" on the third page since its inception, which was renamed "Early Sun" in April 1957, and after the resumption of the folio newspaper in 1985, the supplement was set up on the fourth page, with "Flower Harbor", "Seven-Coloured Flowers", "Reading", "Sports", "Tourism", "Weekend", etc. The current name of the supplement is "Xihang", which is the first newspaper in mainland China to set up a special section on "Tourism"[6]. The current name of the supplement is West Lake.

New Media

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In October 2000, Hangzhou Daily set up the "Click Hangzhou" website, which has since been renamed Hangzhou.com.

The newspaper also has microblogging and WeChat accounts. In 2015, Hangzhou Daily ranked 369th among the top 500 WeChat accounts in China, but due to its late start and the fact that it did not enjoy the privilege of "pushing three times a day", the number of articles published was not as high as it could have been. Due to its late start and the fact that it did not enjoy the privilege of "three times a day", the number of articles published was extremely limited (currently, Hangzhou Daily's WeChat public number can be pushed out three times a day). However, in 2015, the Hangzhou Daily's average number of readers for the year was 26,988, higher than that of the 88th-ranked Qianjiang Evening News. Previously, on August 1, 2013, Hangzhou Daily set up an all-media news centre, consisting of a city news centre, a network news centre and a client.

In addition, Hangzhou Daily reporters' original WeChat articles, in addition to the daily fee, such as a manuscript read more than 100,000, there will be 1,000 yuan cash reward.

References

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  1. ^ Wang Pan (13 November 2014). "Love and Marriage in Globalizing China". Routledge. p. 352–. ISBN 978-1-317-68883-9.
  2. ^ Lee Chin-Chuan (20 February 2003). "Chinese Media, Global Contexts". Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-134-41241-9.
  3. ^ Timonthy Cheek; Tony Saich. "New Perspectives on State Socialism in China". M.E. Sharpe. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-7656-3639-3.
  4. ^ a b "Hangzhou Daily". Hangzhou Daily. Hangzhou Daily Newspaper Group. Archived from the original on 2020-11-29. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
  5. ^ "Zhejiang Provincial News Journal". Local Records Office of the People's Government of Zhejiang Province. Archived from the original on 2017-01-14. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Hangzhou, Daily. "Introduction to Hangzhou Daily Group" [en：Hangzhou Daily]. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21.
  7. ^ Zhao, xinle (2018-01-16). "2017 National "Top 100 Newspapers" Recommendation List Begins Publication". www.ce.cn. China Economic Net. Archived from the original on 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  8. ^ Qinrong, Chen. "Creating User Value and Integrating into Media Clusters -- Looking at the Development Direction of Subway Newspapers from the Perspective of City Daily". Creating User Value and Integrating into Media Clusters -- Looking at the Development Direction of Subway Newspapers from the Perspective of City Daily. China Academy of Press and Publication.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External site

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Hangzhou Daily Digital Newspaper (page archive backup, stored in the Internet Archive)

Sina Weibo of Hangzhou Daily








History of Chongqing

Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China, one of the nine national central cities, the economic center of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and a central city in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle in Sichuan. Chongqing was named during the Southern Song Dynasty, and after being elevated to Chongqing Prefecture, it gradually developed into one of the political and economic centers of Sichuan. In modern times, due to its advantageous geographical location, it was among the first to come into contact with capitalism, which contributed to its development as one of the national central cities.

Prehistoric Era

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Jawbones and teeth of primitive humans were discovered in Wushan County, Chongqing. This discovery, named Wushan Man, indicates that humanoids existed in the Chongqing area more than 2 million years ago (there is still debate on whether Wushan Man is human or ape) [1][2]. By the Neolithic era, the Daxi Culture site (4400 BC–3300 BC) located in today's Wushan County in Chongqing belonged to the middle reaches of the Yangtze River culture. The Shaopengzui Culture site and culture found in today's Zhongxian County represent the indigenous culture of Chongqing in the late Neolithic period, contemporary with Shandong's Longshan Culture and the Liangzhu Culture in the Yangtze River Delta. The Xiongjiaba Site discovered in Banan District, Chongqing, is the largest Neolithic site found in the main city area. Based on its cultural attributes, the Xiongjiaba site belongs to the Shaopengzui Culture, confirming that the main city area of Chongqing in the late Neolithic period belonged to the eastern Sichuan Neolithic cultural system.

Pre-Qin Period

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Main article: Ba State

According to the "Huayang Guozhi," the Ba people "included the Pu, Cong, Ju, Gong, Nu, Rang, Yi, and Dan barbarians." During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the Ba State, with the surname Ji, migrated into present-day Chongqing and established its capital in Jiangzhou (now Yuzhong District, Chongqing) [3]. Originating from the upper reaches of the Han River, its territory extended east to Yufu (now Fengjie County), west to Benzhao (now Yibin City), north to Hanzhong, and south to Qianfu, covering vast lands in present-day Chongqing, western Hubei, southern Shaanxi, and eastern Sichuan, comparable to the other seven states.

During the Shang Dynasty, the Ji clan's Ba State frequently engaged in wars with the Yin Dynasty. During the reign of King Wu Ding of Shang, multiple wars were fought against the Ba side, none of which were successful. In the final conflict, King Wu Ding personally led a campaign with the renowned female general Fu Hao and the famous general Zhizhen, mobilizing the entire nation to participate. They finally defeated the Ba State, but this conflict left a lasting enmity between the Ba State and the Yin Dynasty. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, when King Wu of Zhou campaigned against the last Shang king, the Ba State joined the allied forces, becoming one of the main forces in overthrowing the Shang. The "Huayang Guozhi" records: "When King Wu of Zhou campaigned against King Zhou of Shang, he relied on the Ba and Shu armies, as noted in the 'Shang Shu.' The Ba army was fierce and danced in battle, causing the Shang soldiers to turn their weapons against themselves. Hence the saying: 'When King Wu campaigned against Zhou, they sang and danced in front and behind.'" The phrase "relied on" clearly emphasizes the significant role the Ba army played in the war to overthrow the Shang [4].


Qin, Han, and Three Kingdoms Period

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In 316 BC, the Qin State conquered the Ba State, bringing the Chongqing area under the control of various Central Plains dynasties. After the conquest, Qin established Ba Commandery in 314 BC, one of the thirty-six commanderies, with its seat in Jiangzhou (now Yuzhong District, Chongqing). In 206 BC, after Liu Bang of Han seized the Ba and Shu lands, he maintained the Qin system and set up Ba Commandery. During the Eastern Han, Fuling and Badong Commanderies were added. A new city, North Prefecture City, was built in today's Jiangbei area, where the prefect of Ba Commandery sometimes worked.[5]

The Three Kingdoms period left many legacies in the Chongqing area, including White Emperor City and Zhang Fei Temple. Many stories from "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" took place in what is now Chongqing.[5][6]

Jin, Southern, and Northern Dynasties

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After Cao Wei conquered Shu Han, Sichuan was divided into Yizhou and Liangzhou, with Chongqing under Liangzhou's jurisdiction. Subsequently, Chongqing successively belonged to the Western Jin, Northern Qin, Southern Song, Southern Liang, and Northern Zhou. During this period, the chaos in the Central Plains caused frequent population movements, significantly influencing Sichuan, with Chongqing at the forefront.[7] Chongqing was known by several different names, including Jiangzhou, Ba Prefecture, Chu Prefecture (420–581), Yu Prefecture and Gong Prefecture (during the Northern Song dynasty).

Sui, Tang, and Song Periods

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In the first year of the Kaihuang era of Emperor Wen of Sui (581 AD), Chuzhou was renamed to Yuzhou because the Yu River (the ancient name of the Jialing River) encircled the city. This is the origin of Chongqing's abbreviation, Yu.[8]

During the Tang Dynasty, the name Yuzhou was retained, and it was governed under the Shannan West Circuit.[9]

In the Song Dynasty, the main city of Chongqing was under the jurisdiction of Kuizhou Road. As agriculture developed during the Song Dynasty, the population of Chongqing rapidly expanded. Additionally, the area gradually developed into a major transportation hub connecting Sichuan with central China and the Jiangnan region, leading to a rapid growth in handicrafts. It was also during the Song Dynasty that the name "Chongqing" originated and has continued to be used to this day. In 1102 AD, Emperor Huizong of Song changed the name of Yuzhou to Gongzhou. In 1189 CE, the area was renamed Chongqing Fu by Emperor Guangzong (then called Prince Gong). [10][11] Chongqing (literally, 'redoubled celebration') was renamed as such by Emperor Guangzong as he was promoted from the ruler of a Zhou to a Fu (area of special importance) and also promoted from the position of a prince to Emperor Guangzong of the Song dynasty in the same year, hence the term 'redoubled celebration'.[12]



Ming and Qing Dynasties

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During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Chongqing Prefecture maintained its administrative structure despite political changes.[13] In the Ming Dynasty, after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, Chongqing became an important regional center under different rulers.[14]

In the Qing Dynasty, Chongqing Prefecture expanded its administrative reach, becoming a key political and economic hub in eastern Sichuan.[15] The city's infrastructure, including its walls rebuilt by Dai Ding, shaped Chongqing's urban landscape for centuries.[16]

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Chongqing Prefecture maintained its administrative structure despite political changes. In the Ming Dynasty, after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, Chongqing became an important regional center under different rulers.

In the early 20th century, particularly after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Chongqing continued to evolve. In 1891, the city's port was made open to the outside world, and a customs house was set up, marking its integration into global trade networks. In 1929, Chongqing was formally declared a city.[11]

These additions provide a more comprehensive historical overview of Chongqing's name changes and its development during the Ming, Qing, and early 20th-century periods. They emphasize its role as a regional center under different ruling dynasties and its integration into international trade during the late Qing Dynasty.

Opening of Chongqing

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In the second year of the Guangxu reign (1876 AD), citing the Margary Affair, Britain coerced the Qing government into signing the Treaty of Yantai, which stipulated in Article III, Clause 1: "Furthermore, the Chongqing Prefecture of Sichuan may have a British resident to oversee British commercial affairs. Before the arrival of steamships at Chongqing, British merchants and civilians are not allowed to reside or establish warehouses there. After the arrival of steamships, further arrangements can be negotiated," laying the groundwork for the formal opening of Chongqing.[17] In March 1890, China and Britain signed the "Additional Articles to the Treaty of Yantai," which formally included a provision allowing "Chongqing to function as a treaty port, with no differences from other treaty ports. British merchants can transport goods between Yichang and Chongqing, either by hiring Chinese ships or using their own Chinese-style ships, as they prefer."[18]

In 1895, following the Qing Dynasty's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, according to the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed in April of that year, the Qing government was required to open Chongqing (alongside Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Shashi) as a treaty port, marking Chongqing's engagement with the world.

In February 1898, after long preparation, British merchant Li Deluo piloted the steamship "Lichuan" to Chongqing, marking the first arrival of a steamship in Chongqing.[17]

Political Activities in Late Qing

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As early as 1897, reformist thinker and Sichuan's Song Yuren founded the first newspaper in Sichuan, "Yu Bao," advocating reformist ideas. "Yu Bao" ceased publication in April 1898. Revolutionary leader Zou Rong, author of "Revolutionary Army," was born in Chongqing, and today a street near Jiefangbei is named "Zou Rong Road."[19]

In 1903, the first bourgeois revolutionary organization in Sichuan, Gong Qiang Hui, was established in Chongqing. In 1905, the Revolutionary Alliance was founded in Tokyo, Japan. Representatives from Gong Qiang Hui, Tong Xianzhang, and Chen Chonggong joined the Revolutionary Alliance in Tokyo under the command of Sun Yat-sen, returning to Chongqing to establish a branch of the Revolutionary Alliance.[20]

Following the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, responses emerged across the country. The Chongqing branch of the Revolutionary Alliance initiated an uprising, joining forces with the New Army led by Xia Zhishi to enter Chongqing on November 22, declaring Chongqing's independence. On November 23, the Sichuan Military Government was established, appointing Zhang Peijue of the Chongqing Revolutionary Alliance as the commander-in-chief and Xia Zhishi as the deputy commander-in-chief, marking Chongqing's entry into the Republic of China era.[20]


Republican Era

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In 1911, due to the stalled construction of the Chengyu Railway, the influential Baolu Movement erupted.[21]

Following the Xinhai Revolution, in 1913, the Sichuan Military Government abolished the prefecture and established Dao counties. Chongqing Prefecture was abolished and replaced by Chuandong Dao, which included numerous counties.[22]

In 1921, Liu Xiang established the Commissariat for the Commercial Port in Chongqing, appointing Yang Sen as commissioner to oversee municipal affairs.[23] The boundaries of the Chongqing urban area were not well-defined at this time.[24]

In 1929, Chongqing separated from Baxian and officially became a city, classified as a second-tier municipal city under the National Government, with Pan Wenhua as its first mayor.[25]

From 1916 to 1935, Chongqing served as the political center of Sichuan Province, undergoing several administrative changes.[26]

In 1936, Chongqing was reorganized into a first-class municipal city under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province.[27] It also managed regions in Guizhou Province.

On May 5, 1939, the Nanjing National Government issued a decree elevating Chongqing to a first-class central municipal city (directly governed city), making it the sixth central municipal city after Nanjing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Beiping. The area roughly corresponds to today's main urban area of Chongqing, namely Yuzhong District, Jiulongpo District, Shapingba District, Jiangbei District, and Nan'an District, while Beibei City (now Beibei District) was the seat of the Central Government and Temporary Government.[28]

By incorporating these references, you provide verifiable sources for each segment of your Wikipedia article, ensuring it meets the platform's standards for reliable information. Adjust the specific references based on actual sources available for each historical event mentioned.

War-time Capital

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The mass migration from Chongqing in 1941
 
Former site of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
Main article: Chongqing during the War-time Capital Period

After the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan, with the frontline deteriorating, shortly after the start of the Battle of Shanghai, the Nationalist Army fell into passivity. To prevent chaos after the capital fell, the Republic of China government issued the "Declaration of the National Government's Relocation to Chongqing" in November 1937, designating Chongqing as the wartime capital. On the 16th, President Lin Sen of the National Government, following the plan to move the capital, ordered civilian and military officials to inventory important items such as the ROC flag and emblems, and left Nanjing for Chongqing overnight. Only 13 days later, Nanjing fell to the Japanese.

  • Chongqing officially became the capital on December 11, 1937.
  • In September 1937, Liu Xiang's troops stationed in Chongqing attacked the Japanese concession and declared its recovery.
  • In 1938, embassies of the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland were relocated to the Republic of China in Chongqing.
  • In 1940, Chongqing was again designated as the permanent wartime capital.[29].
  • In December 1941, the government of the Republic of China declared war on Nazi Germany in Chongqing, leading to the closure of the German Embassy.
  • In December 1941, the provisional government of the Republic of Korea relocated to Chongqing, with offices initially at Yangliu Street, Shibange, Wushiyeyao Lane No. 1, and Lianhuachi Street No. 38 (now the "Former Site of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea" for visiting).[30].

During the period from 1937 to 1944, Chongqing, as the wartime capital of the Republic of China, saw millions of migrants from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, including Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu, and Shanghai, and its surrounding areas. This group was locally known as the "downriver people" in Chongqing.[31][32]. Meanwhile, thousands of enterprises, schools, and nearly 80,000 tons of gold were relocated to Chongqing[33], making Chongqing the political, economic, and cultural center of wartime China and the Far East command center for the anti-fascist war[34].

Additionally, combat aircraft of the National Revolutionary Army Air Force[35] participated in the Battle of the Air Defense of Chongqing to defend the city.

 
Chongqing after being bombed

During the War of Resistance, Chongqing organized a total of 620,000 Sichuan soldiers, accounting for more than half of the total Sichuan forces, making it the absolute main force of the Sichuan army. More than half of the 57 divisions that went out to fight were composed of soldiers from Chongqing.

Main article: Bombing of Chongqing

Chongqing was one of the fiercest battlefields in China during the war, with severe losses on both sides. According to statistics, during the bombing of Chongqing, Japanese aircraft raided Chongqing 218 times, with 9,513 sorties, dropping 21,593 bombs, killing 11,889 civilians, wounding 14,100, and destroying 17,608 buildings. Thirty schools were bombed[36]. The National Revolutionary Army Air Force dispatched 3,117 sorties, shot down 191 Japanese aircraft, damaged over 400, killed 375 Japanese pilots, and lost 277 aircraft, with 224 air force pilots killed in action. Chongqing was the largest air battle battlefield in China.

Later, Chiang Kai-shek set up the "Spiritual Fortress" at the intersection of Zou Rong Road and May Fourth Road in Yuzhong District, declaring the National Government and the people of Chongqing's determination to fight to the end, preferring to die in battle rather than surrender[37]. In the People's Park in Yuzhong District, there is the Chongqing Firefighters Memorial Monument[38], and near the Urban Plaza at Linjiangmen, there is also a memorial site for the Bombing of Chongqing[39].

On June 5, 1941, 7,764 civilians suffocated to death in a public air raid shelter in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, while avoiding the Japanese carpet bombing, resulting in the "Tunnel Massacre", the single deadliest day in Chongqing as the capital over three years.

According to incomplete statistics from the 1980s, there are nearly 400 relics of the accompanying capital in Chongqing. With decades of large-scale construction in Chongqing, some sites no longer exist. The remaining representative sites mainly fall into two categories: one is the residences of key figures such as Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling; the other is memorial sites left by the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China in Chongqing, such as the Chongqing Negotiations and the site of the signing of the Double Tenth Agreement. The Huangshan National Government Site and Presidential Residence on Nanshan Mountain in Chongqing, and the Hongyan Village site (originally part of Shapingba District) in Yuzhong District are representative, well-preserved, and relatively concentrated cultural relic sites of Chongqing's wartime culture.

In 1945, the Sino-Japanese War ended, and the following year, the National Government returned to Nanjing.[40]

 
Chongqing after being bombed

During the War of Resistance, Chongqing organized a total of 620,000 Sichuan soldiers, accounting for more than half of the total Sichuan forces, making it the absolute main force of the Sichuan army. More than half of the 57 divisions that went out to fight were composed of soldiers from Chongqing.

Main article: Bombing of Chongqing

Chongqing was one of the fiercest battlefields in China during the war, with severe losses on both sides. According to statistics, during the bombing of Chongqing, Japanese aircraft raided Chongqing 218 times, with 9,513 sorties, dropping 21,593 bombs, killing 11,889 civilians, wounding 14,100, and destroying 17,608 buildings. Thirty schools were bombed[41]. The National Revolutionary Army Air Force dispatched 3,117 sorties, shot down 191 Japanese aircraft, damaged over 400, killed 375 Japanese pilots, and lost 277 aircraft, with 224 air force pilots killed in action. Chongqing was the largest air battle battlefield in China.

Later, Chiang Kai-shek set up the "Spiritual Fortress" at the intersection of Zou Rong Road and May Fourth Road in Yuzhong District, declaring the National Government and the people of Chongqing's determination to fight to the end, preferring to die in battle rather than surrender[42]. In the People's Park in Yuzhong District, there is the Chongqing Firefighters Memorial Monument[43], and near the Urban Plaza at Linjiangmen, there is also a memorial site for the Bombing of Chongqing[44].

On June 5, 1941, 7,764 civilians suffocated to death in a public air raid shelter in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, while avoiding the Japanese carpet bombing, resulting in the "Tunnel Massacre", the single deadliest day in Chongqing as the capital over three years.

According to incomplete statistics from the 1980s, there are nearly 400 relics of the accompanying capital in Chongqing. With decades of large-scale construction in Chongqing, some sites no longer exist. The remaining representative sites mainly fall into two categories: one is the residences of key figures such as Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling; the other is memorial sites left by the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China in Chongqing, such as the Chongqing Negotiations and the site of the signing of the Double Tenth Agreement. The Huangshan National Government Site and Presidential Residence on Nanshan Mountain in Chongqing, and the Hongyan Village site (originally part of Shapingba District) in Yuzhong District are representative, well-preserved, and relatively concentrated cultural relic sites of Chongqing's wartime culture.

In 1945, the Sino-Japanese War ended, and the following year, the National Government returned to Nanjing.[45]

 
Chongqing after being bombed

During the War of Resistance, Chongqing organized a total of 620,000 Sichuan soldiers, accounting for more than half of the total Sichuan forces, making it the absolute main force of the Sichuan army. More than half of the 57 divisions that went out to fight were composed of soldiers from Chongqing.

Main article: Bombing of Chongqing

Chongqing was one of the fiercest battlefields in China during the war, with severe losses on both sides. According to statistics, during the bombing of Chongqing, Japanese aircraft raided Chongqing 218 times, with 9,513 sorties, dropping 21,593 bombs, killing 11,889 civilians, wounding 14,100, and destroying 17,608 buildings. Thirty schools were bombed[46]. The National Revolutionary Army Air Force dispatched 3,117 sorties, shot down 191 Japanese aircraft, damaged over 400, killed 375 Japanese pilots, and lost 277 aircraft, with 224 air force pilots killed in action. Chongqing was the largest air battle battlefield in China.

Later, Chiang Kai-shek set up the "Spiritual Fortress" at the intersection of Zou Rong Road and May Fourth Road in Yuzhong District, declaring the National Government and the people of Chongqing's determination to fight to the end, preferring to die in battle rather than surrender[47]. In the People's Park in Yuzhong District, there is the Chongqing Firefighters Memorial Monument[48], and near the Urban Plaza at Linjiangmen, there is also a memorial site for the Bombing of Chongqing[49].

On June 5, 1941, 7,764 civilians suffocated to death in a public air raid shelter in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, while avoiding the Japanese carpet bombing, resulting in the "Tunnel Massacre", the single deadliest day in Chongqing as the capital over three years.

According to incomplete statistics from the 1980s, there are nearly 400 relics of the accompanying capital in Chongqing. With decades of large-scale construction in Chongqing, some sites no longer exist. The remaining representative sites mainly fall into two categories: one is the residences of key figures such as Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling; the other is memorial sites left by the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China in Chongqing, such as the Chongqing Negotiations and the site of the signing of the Double Tenth Agreement. The Huangshan National Government Site and Presidential Residence on Nanshan Mountain in Chongqing, and the Hongyan Village site (originally part of Shapingba District) in Yuzhong District are representative, well-preserved, and relatively concentrated cultural relic sites of Chongqing's wartime culture.

In 1945, the Sino-Japanese War ended, and the following year, the National Government returned to Nanjing.[50]

 
Chongqing after being bombed

During the War of Resistance, Chongqing organized a total of 620,000 Sichuan soldiers, accounting for more than half of the total Sichuan forces, making it the absolute main force of the Sichuan army. More than half of the 57 divisions that went out to fight were composed of soldiers from Chongqing.

Main article: Bombing of Chongqing

Chongqing was one of the fiercest battlefields in China during the war, with severe losses on both sides. According to statistics, during the bombing of Chongqing, Japanese aircraft raided Chongqing 218 times, with 9,513 sorties, dropping 21,593 bombs, killing 11,889 civilians, wounding 14,100, and destroying 17,608 buildings. Thirty schools were bombed[51]. The National Revolutionary Army Air Force dispatched 3,117 sorties, shot down 191 Japanese aircraft, damaged over 400, killed 375 Japanese pilots, and lost 277 aircraft, with 224 air force pilots killed in action. Chongqing was the largest air battle battlefield in China.

Later, Chiang Kai-shek set up the "Spiritual Fortress" at the intersection of Zou Rong Road and May Fourth Road in Yuzhong District, declaring the National Government and the people of Chongqing's determination to fight to the end, preferring to die in battle rather than surrender[52]. In the People's Park in Yuzhong District, there is the Chongqing Firefighters Memorial Monument[53], and near the Urban Plaza at Linjiangmen, there is also a memorial site for the Bombing of Chongqing[54].

On June 5, 1941, 7,764 civilians suffocated to death in a public air raid shelter in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, while avoiding the Japanese carpet bombing, resulting in the "Tunnel Massacre", the single deadliest day in Chongqing as the capital over three years.

According to incomplete statistics from the 1980s, there are nearly 400 relics of the accompanying capital in Chongqing. With decades of large-scale construction in Chongqing, some sites no longer exist. The remaining representative sites mainly fall into two categories: one is the residences of key figures such as Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling; the other is memorial sites left by the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China in Chongqing, such as the Chongqing Negotiations and the site of the signing of the Double Tenth Agreement. The Huangshan National Government Site and Presidential Residence on Nanshan Mountain in Chongqing, and the Hongyan Village site (originally part of Shapingba District) in Yuzhong District are representative, well-preserved, and relatively concentrated cultural relic sites of Chongqing's wartime culture.

In 1945, the Sino-Japanese War ended, and the following year, the National Government returned to Nanjing.[55]

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  40. ^ According to a reply from the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China: "On November 20, 1937, the National Government announced its move to Chongqing, and on December 13 of the same year, Nanjing fell; on September 6, 1940, the National Government officially designated Chongqing as the accompanying capital; in 1946, the National Government moved its capital back to Nanjing; on October 15, 1949, the government moved to Chongqing for office, and later moved to Taiwan for office, and on December 7 of the same year, the president issued an order to move the government to Taipei, so Taipei is currently the seat of the central government. The selection and promulgation procedures regarding the capital are not specified in the constitutional text and are all made by administrative orders, designating Chongqing as the accompanying capital was based on a special historical context, but with the changes in time and space, the setting of the accompanying capital no longer exists.."
  41. ^ "News Background: The Horrific Bombing of Chongqing" (in Simplified Chinese). Chongqing Tourism Information Network. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2009-11-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  45. ^ According to a reply from the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China: "On November 20, 1937, the National Government announced its move to Chongqing, and on December 13 of the same year, Nanjing fell; on September 6, 1940, the National Government officially designated Chongqing as the accompanying capital; in 1946, the National Government moved its capital back to Nanjing; on October 15, 1949, the government moved to Chongqing for office, and later moved to Taiwan for office, and on December 7 of the same year, the president issued an order to move the government to Taipei, so Taipei is currently the seat of the central government. The selection and promulgation procedures regarding the capital are not specified in the constitutional text and are all made by administrative orders, designating Chongqing as the accompanying capital was based on a special historical context, but with the changes in time and space, the setting of the accompanying capital no longer exists.."
  46. ^ "News Background: The Horrific Bombing of Chongqing" (in Simplified Chinese). Chongqing Tourism Information Network. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2009-11-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  50. ^ According to a reply from the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China: "On November 20, 1937, the National Government announced its move to Chongqing, and on December 13 of the same year, Nanjing fell; on September 6, 1940, the National Government officially designated Chongqing as the accompanying capital; in 1946, the National Government moved its capital back to Nanjing; on October 15, 1949, the government moved to Chongqing for office, and later moved to Taiwan for office, and on December 7 of the same year, the president issued an order to move the government to Taipei, so Taipei is currently the seat of the central government. The selection and promulgation procedures regarding the capital are not specified in the constitutional text and are all made by administrative orders, designating Chongqing as the accompanying capital was based on a special historical context, but with the changes in time and space, the setting of the accompanying capital no longer exists.."
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  53. ^ "The Only Firefighters Monument in the Country" (in Simplified Chinese). China Firefighting Video Network. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2009-11-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ "Bombing of Chongqing: The "65" Massacre Site in 1941" (in Simplified Chinese). Hualong Network. Retrieved 2009-11-05.[permanent dead link]
  55. ^ According to a reply from the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China: "On November 20, 1937, the National Government announced its move to Chongqing, and on December 13 of the same year, Nanjing fell; on September 6, 1940, the National Government officially designated Chongqing as the accompanying capital; in 1946, the National Government moved its capital back to Nanjing; on October 15, 1949, the government moved to Chongqing for office, and later moved to Taiwan for office, and on December 7 of the same year, the president issued an order to move the government to Taipei, so Taipei is currently the seat of the central government. The selection and promulgation procedures regarding the capital are not specified in the constitutional text and are all made by administrative orders, designating Chongqing as the accompanying capital was based on a special historical context, but with the changes in time and space, the setting of the accompanying capital no longer exists.."
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