User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Lower Mesopotamia

Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Mesopotamia. It's located in the alluvial plain of Iraq from the Hamrin Mountains to the Faw Peninsula near the Persian Gulf.

In the Middle Ages it was also known as the Sawad and al-Jazira al-sflia ("Lower Jazira"), which strictly speaking designated only the southern alluvial plain, and al-ʻIrāq al-ʻArabi ("Arabian Irāq"), as opposed to "Persian Iraq", the Jibal. Lower Mesopotamia was home to Sumer and Babylonia.

The medieval Arab geographers placed the northern border between Iraq and Upper Mesopotamia (the Jazirah) in a line running from Anbar on the Euphrates to Tikrit on the Tigris, although later it was shifted to a line running due west from Tikrit, thus including several towns on the Euphrates past Anbar into Iraq.

An alluvial plain begins north of Tikrit Near Hamrin Mountains and extends to the Persian Gulf. Here the Tigris and Euphrates lie above the level of the plain in many places, and the whole area is a river delta interlaced by the channels of the two rivers and by qanat. Intermittent lakes, fed by the rivers in flood, also characterize southeastern Iraq. A fairly large area (15,000 km2 or 5,800 sq mi) just above the confluence of the two rivers at al Qurnah and extending east of the Tigris beyond the Iranian border is marshland, known as Lake Hammar, the result of centuries of flooding and inadequate drainage. Much of it is permanent marsh, but some parts dry out in early winter, and other parts become marshland only in years of great flood.

Because the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates above their confluence are heavily silt-laden, irrigation and fairly frequent flooding deposit large quantities of silty loam in much of the delta area. Windborne silt contributes to the total deposit of sediments. It has been estimated that the delta plains are built up at the rate of nearly twenty centimeters in a century. In some areas, major floods lead to the deposit in temporary lakes of as much as thirty centimeters of mud.

The Tigris and Euphrates also carry large quantities of salts. These, too, are spread on the land by sometimes excessive irrigation and flooding. A high water table and poor surface and subsurface drainage tend to concentrate the salts near the surface of the soil. In general, the salinity of the soil increases from Baghdad south to the Persian Gulf and severely limits productivity in the region south of Amarah. The salinity is reflected in the large lake in central Iraq, southwest of Baghdad, known as Lake Milh. There are two other major lakes in the country to the north of Lake Milh: Lake Tharthar and Lake Habbaniyah.

Etymology

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Terminology

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Geography

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Geopolitical boundaries

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Physiographic boundaries

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Primeval times (c. 6500 – c. 3500 BCE)

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Stone Age (c. 6500 – c. 5000 BCE)

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Protohistoric times (c. 3500 – c. 3300 BCE)

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Copper Age (c. 5000 – c. 3300 BCE)

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Historic times (c. 3300 BCE – Present)

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Ancient times (c. 3300 BCE – c. 651 CE)

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Bronze Age (c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE)

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Late Bronze Age collapse (c. 1200 – c. 1020 BCE)

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Iron Age (c. 1020 – c. 875 BCE)

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Axial Age (c. 875 – c. 212 BCE)

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Classical Age (c. 212 – c. 91 BCE)

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Parthian Dark Age (c. 91 – c. 57 BCE)

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Ancient Age (c. 57 BCE – c. 535 CE)

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Late Antique Little Ice Age (c. 535 CE – c. 547 CE)

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Post-classical Age (c. 547 – c. 630 CE)

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Byzantine Dark Ages (c. 630 – c. 651 CE)

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Medieval times (c. 651 CE – c. 1453 CE)

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Islamic Golden Age (c. 786 – c. 1260 CE)

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Age of Gunpowder (c. 1260 – c. 1453 CE)

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Modern times (c. 1453 – Present)

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Age of Discovery (c. 1453 – c. 1815 CE)

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Age of New Imperialism (c. 1815 – c. 1846 CE)

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Age of Oil (c. 1846 – c. 1880 CE)

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Age of Machines (c. 1880 – c. 1914 CE)

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Age of Extremes (c. 1914 – c. 1945 CE)

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Jet Age (c. 1945 – c. 1957 CE)

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Space Age (c. 1957 – c. 1975 CE)

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Nuclear Age (c. 1975 – c. 1986 CE)

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Information Age (c. 1986 – Present)

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See also

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References

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Notes

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Citations

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Sources

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Bibliography

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Journals
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Further reading
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Geography
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Language
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