 |
German National Peoples' Party | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1918 |
| Dissolved | 1933 |
| Preceded by | German Conservative Party, Free Conservative Party, German Fatherland Party, National Liberal Party |
| Succeeded by | single-party-system of NSDAP (1933-1945); after 1945: Christian Democratic Union, Free Democratic Party, German Conservative Party - German Right Party (in Western Germany), Liberal Democratic Party [citation needed] (in Eastern Germany) |
| Newspaper | NA; supported by Alfred Hugenberg's media group |
| Ideology | Conservatism (historical label), National conservatism, Nationalism, Right-wing populism, Monarchism, Capitalism, Agrarianism, Anti-semitism[1] |
| Political position | Right-wing; bourgeois parties |
| International affiliation | None |
| Colors | black, white, red (imperial colors) |
The German National People's Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) was a national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic.Before the rise of the Nazi Party it was the main nationalist party in Weimar Germany composed of nationalists, reactionary monarchists, radical volkisch and anti-semitic elements, and supported by Pan-German League- an organisation believing in superiority of German people over others [2]
History
editThe party was formed in 1918 by a merger of the German Conservative Party, the Free Conservative Party and a section of the National Liberal Party of the old monarchic German Empire.
Generally hostile towards the republican Weimar constitution, the DNVP spent most of the inter-war period in opposition. Largely supported by landowners and wealthy industrialists, it favoured a monarchist platform and was strongly opposed to the Treaty of Versailles. In 1920 and 1924 the party worked with Saxon Rural League to secure the election of Nationalist deputies.[3] Between 1925 and 1928, the party slightly moderated its tone and actively cooperated in successive governments. In 1928, however, after a disastrous showing at the polls (the party's share of votes fell from 21% in 1924 to 14%[4]), Alfred Hugenberg, leader of the party's hardliner wing, became chairman. Hugenberg returned the party to a course of fundamental opposition against the Republic, but abandoned its previous monarchism in favour of more hardline nationalism and reluctant co-operation with the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), better known as the Nazi Party. In 1929, this resulted in the former chairman Kuno Graf von Westarp and other members leaving the party and forming the more centrist Konservative Volkspartei (Conservative People's Party). The DNVP was declining rapidly as many workers and peasants began to support the more populist and less aristocratic NSDAP, leaving the party with mostly upper middle class and upper class support.
In 1931, the DNVP, the NSDAP and the Stahlhelm paramilitary organisation briefly formed an uneasy alliance known as the Harzburger Front.Both parties shared extreme nationalism, anti-parliamentarianism and opposed Weimar Republic, their differences were in the fact that Nazis were radical and revolutionary in their propaganda and public speeches, while DNVP remained a "burgerliche Partei" [5]The DNVP hoped to control the NSDAP through this coalition and to curb the Nazis' extremism, but the pact only served to strengthen the NSDAP by giving it access to funding and political respectability while obscuring the DNVP's own less extreme platform.
The following year, the DNVP became the only significant party to support Franz von Papen in his short tenure as Chancellor. Performing badly in subsequent elections, the party ended up as junior coalition partners to the NSDAP in the so-called, short-lived Regierung der nationalen Konzentration (Government of National Concentration) on Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933, supporting the Enabling Act that authorised Hitler's government with legislative powers.
Hitler's patience with his conservative allies was limited, and the DNVP representatives in his first Cabinet were quickly bullied into resignation. Shortly thereafter, DNVP members were coerced into joining the NSDAP or retiring from political life altogether. The party dissolved itself and shortly after this the founding of political parties was outlawed in 1933.
In post-war Germany, no serious attempt was made to recreate the party as a political force when conservative and centrist forces united into bigger parties like the CDU and the CSU, its Bavarian branch. The DNVP was briefly revived in 1962, but the new DVNP soon afterwards was merged into the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD). Today, there is no mainstream national conservative political party in Germany similar to the DNVP, as the CDU/CSU is more to the centre.
Chairmen
edit- 1918–1924 Oskar Hergt (1869–1967)
- 1924–1928 Kuno Graf von Westarp (1864–1945)
- 1928–1933 Alfred Hugenberg (1865–1951)
Further reading
edit- Hertzman, Lewis (1963), DNVP: Right-wing opposition in the Weimar Republic, 1918-1924, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
References
edit- ^ Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy. (Princeton: Princeton University, 2007), 95-96.
- ^ Adolf Hitler: a biographical companion David Nicholls page 178 ;(November 1, 2000 The main nationalist party the German National People's Party DNVP was divided between reactionary conservative monarchists, who wished to turn the clock back to the pre-1918 Kaisereich, and more radical volkisch and anti-semitic elements. It also inherited the support of old Pan-German League, whose nationalistsm rested on belief in the inherent superiority of the German people
- ^ Saxony in German history:culture, society, and politics 1830-1933 James Retallack page 344
- ^ E. Kolb, The Weimar Republic, 2nd ed. (New York: Rutledge, 2005), 224-5
- ^ The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light page 70 Hermann Beck Berghahn Books 2009