| Thiamine deficiency[1] | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Beriberi, vitamin B1 deficiency, thiamine-deficiency syndrome[1][2] |
 | |
| A person with beriberi during the early twentieth century in Southeast Asia | |
| Specialty | Neurology, cardiology, pediatrics |
| Symptoms | |
| Types | Wet, dry, gastrointestinal[3] |
| Causes | Not enough thiamine[1] |
| Risk factors | Diet of mostly white rice; alcoholism, dialysis, chronic diarrhea, diuretics[1][4] |
| Prevention | Food fortification[1] |
| Treatment | Thiamine supplementation[1] |
| Frequency | Rare (US)[1] |
Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (vitamin B1).[1] A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi.[1][5] There are two main types in adults: wet beriberi, and dry beriberi.[1] Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system resulting in a fast heart rate, shortness of breath, and leg swelling.[1] Dry beriberi affects the nervous system resulting in numbness of the hands and feet, confusion, trouble moving the legs, and pain.[1] A form with loss of appetite and constipation may also occur.[3] Another type, acute beriberi, is found mostly in babies and presents with loss of appetite, vomiting, lactic acidosis, changes in heart rate, and enlargement of the heart.[6]
Risk factors include a diet of mostly white rice, as well as alcoholism, dialysis, chronic diarrhea, and taking high doses of diuretics.[1][4] Rarely it may be due to a genetic condition that results in difficulties absorbing thiamine found in food.[1] Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are forms of dry beriberi.[4] Diagnosis is based on symptoms, low levels of thiamine in the urine, high blood lactate, and improvement with treatment.[7]
Treatment is by thiamine supplementation, either by mouth or by injection.[1] With treatment, symptoms generally resolve in a couple of weeks.[7] The disease may be prevented at the population level through the fortification of food.[1]
Thiamine deficiency is rare in the United States.[8] It remains relatively common in sub-Saharan Africa.[2] Outbreaks have been seen in refugee camps.[4] Thiamine deficiency has been described for thousands of years in Asia and became more common in the late 1800s with the increased processing of rice.[9]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Beriberi". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. 2015. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
- ^ a b Adamolekun, B; Hiffler, L (24 October 2017). "A diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine deficiency disorders in sub-Saharan Africa?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1408 (1): 15–19. Bibcode:2017NYASA1408...15A. doi:10.1111/nyas.13509. PMID 29064578.
- ^ a b Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1368. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 2017-11-11.
- ^ a b c d "Nutrition and Growth Guidelines | Domestic Guidelines - Immigrant and Refugee Health". CDC. March 2012. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
- ^ Hermann, Wolfgang; Obeid, Rima (2011). Vitamins in the prevention of human diseases. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 58. ISBN 9783110214482.
- ^ Gropper, Sareen S. and Smith, Jack L. (2013). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (6 ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 324. ISBN 978-1133104056.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Swaiman, Kenneth F.; Ashwal, Stephen; Ferriero, Donna M.; Schor, Nina F.; Finkel, Richard S.; Gropman, Andrea L.; Pearl, Phillip L.; Shevell, Michael (2017). Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology E-Book: Principles and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. e929. ISBN 9780323374811. Archived from the original on 2017-11-11.
- ^ "Thiamin Fact Sheet for Consumers". Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS): USA.gov. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ Lanska, DJ (2010). Chapter 30: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: the water-soluble B vitamins. Vol. 95. pp. 445–76. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02130-1. ISBN 9780444520098. PMID 19892133.
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