 A vial of regular human insulin | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Humulin R, Novolin R, Actrapid, others[1][2] |
| Other names | insulin injection (soluble),[2] neutral insulin,[2] regular human insulin, human insulin (regular) |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682611 |
| License data | |
| Routes of administration | subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous[2] |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
|
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Onset of action | 30 minutes |
| Duration of action | 8 hours |
Regular insulin, also known as neutral insulin and soluble insulin is a type of short acting insulin.[2] It is used to treat diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, gestational diabetes, and complications of diabetes such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states.[4] It is also used along with glucose to treat high blood potassium levels.[5] Typically it is given by injection under the skin, but may also be used by injection into a vein or muscle.[2] Onset of effect is typically in 30 minutes and they last for 8 hours.[4]
The common side effect is low blood sugar.[4] Other side effects may include pain or skin changes at the sites of injection, low blood potassium, and allergic reactions.[4] Use during pregnancy is relatively safe for the baby.[4] Regular insulin can be made from the pancreas of pigs or cows.[2] Human versions can be made either by modifying pig versions or recombinant technology.[2]
Insulin was first used as a medication in Canada by Charles Best and Frederick Banting in 1922.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$2.39–10.61 per 1,000 iu of regular insulin.[8] In the United Kingdom 1,000 iu costs the NHS £7.48, while in the United States this amount is about $134.00.[2][9] In 2017, it was the 73rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than ten million prescriptions.[10][11] Versions are also available mixed with longer-acting versions of insulin, such as NPH insulin.[2]
References edit
- ^ "insulin regular human (OTC) – Humulin R, Novolin R". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 464472. ISBN 9780857111562.
- ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. "Insulin Human". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ Mahoney, BA; Smith, WA; Lo, DS; Tsoi, K; Tonelli, M; Clase, CM (18 April 2005). "Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD003235. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2. PMC 6457842. PMID 15846652.
- ^ Fleishman, Joel L.; Kohler, J. Scott; Schindler, Steven (2009). Casebook for The Foundation a Great American Secret. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7867-3425-2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ "Insulin, Neutral Soluble". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "NADAC as of 2016-12-07 | Data.Medicaid.gov". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Insulin Human - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.