Wikipedia

User:Mr. Ibrahem/Ephedrine

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Not to be confused with ephedrone.
Mr. Ibrahem/Ephedrine
Ball-and-stick model of the (1S,2R)-ephedrine molecule
(−)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine (top),
(+)-(1S,2R)-ephedrine (center and bottom)
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ɪˈfɛdrɪn/ ⓘ or /ˈɛfɪdriːn/
Trade namesBronkaid, Primatene, Akovaz, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: A
Routes of
administration		by mouth, IV, IM, SC
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability85%
Metabolismminimal liver
Onset of actionIV (seconds), IM (10 min to 20 min), by mouth (15 min to 60 min)[1]
Elimination half-life3 h to 6 h
Duration of actionIV/IM (60 min), by mouth (2 h to 4 h)
Excretion22% to 99% (urine)
Identifiers
  • rel-(R,S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC10H15NO
Molar mass165.23 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O[C@H](c1ccccc1)[C@@H](NC)C
  • InChI=1S/C10H15NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,10-12H,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:KWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WPRPVWTQSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant.[1] It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia.[1] It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment.[1] It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion.[1] It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle, vein, or just under the skin.[1] Onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes, and by mouth can take an hour for effect.[1] When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours.[1]

Common side effects include trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache, hallucinations, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, loss of appetite, and inability to urinate.[1] Serious side effects include stroke, heart attack, and abuse.[1] While likely safe in pregnancy, its use in this population is poorly studied.[6][7] Use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[7] Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors.[1]

Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] It is available as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.69–1.35 per dose.[11] In the United States it is not very expensive.[12] It can normally be found in plants of the Ephedra type.[1] Dietary supplements containing ephedrine are illegal in the United States,[1] with the exception of those used in traditional Chinese medicine, where its presence is noted by má huáng.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Ephedrine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  2. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  3. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  4. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  5. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  6. ^ Briggs, Gerald G.; Freeman, Roger K.; Yaffe, Sumner J. (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 495. ISBN 9781608317080. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  7. ^ a b "Ephedrine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  8. ^ Debasis Bagchi; Harry G. Preuss, eds. (2013). Obesity epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 692. ISBN 9781439854266. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  9. ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 541. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  10. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  11. ^ "Ephedrine". International drug price indicator guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  12. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia 2015 (deluxe lab-coat ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 162. ISBN 9781284057560.
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