These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945).
Historical background and political roles edit
The Qing imperial clan Aisin Gioro. Will explain the rise of the Qing and how the newly created Aisin Gioro founded the Later Jin and then the Qing, before conquering China.
Ritual and religious roles edit
Qing monarchs presented different faces to the various subject peoples of their empire. To the Manchus and the tribal peoples of the Northeast, the emperor was "promoter of Manchu shamanic traditions."[1] Lots on the diverse religious images of Qing emperors in [2]
Not only patronized these religions, but presented themselves as eminent figures in them. Religious role.
As Great Khan: Khagan ("great khan"); Mongol Empire; Khalka Mongols
As Manjusri: Mañjuśrī; boddhisattva; Chakravartin
As Son of Heaven: Tian (Heaven); Confucianism; state religion; Altar of Heaven; emperor at central and pivotal position in most rituals.
Relations with Islam.
Roles in government edit
Legal roles edit
Theoretically had to approve every death sentence; Autumn Assizes; important source of law through imperial edicts; crimes against the emperor; traditional Chinese law
Succession edit
The last 60 years of the dynasty represent an "infertile phase" for the Qing imperial line.[3] When the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861) died in 1861, he passed the throne to his only son Zaichun. Because Zaichun, the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1874) died of smallpox at nineteen years old without leaving an heir, the dynasty faced a challenge.
Regents and empresses dowager edit
The shamanic sacrifices at the tangse altar were not performed by emperors during regencies.[4]
Multiple appellations edit
Like the emperors of previous dynasties, Qing monarchs were known by several names, which were to be used in different circumstances.
Era name edit
Mary C. Wright and "Tongzhi."[5]
Nurhaci's Manchu title of abkai fulingga was not a reign title.
Personal name edit
Posthumous titles edit
Temple name edit
Honorific posthumous name edit
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Adler 2004, p. 117.
- ^ Rawski 1998, pp. 10 and 298.
- ^ Rawski 1998, p. 103.
- ^ Rawski 1998, p. 384, note 18.
- ^ Wright 1958.
Works cited edit
- Adler, Joseph A. (2004), "The Qianlong emperor and the Confucian 'Temple of Culture' (Wen miao) at Chengde", in James A. Millward, Ruth W. Dunnell, Mark C. Elliott, and Philippe Forêt (eds.) (ed.), New Qing Imperial History: The making of Inner Asian empire at Qing Chengde, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 109–122, ISBN 0-415-32006-2
{{citation}}:|editor-last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link). - Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22837-5.
- Wright, Mary C. (1958), "What's in a Reign Name: The Uses of History and Philology", Journal of Asian Studies, 18 (1): 103–6.