35 mm movie film lead edit
Refs not needed in lead (plus context):
- "In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge. The name of the gauge is not a direct measurement, and refers to the nominal width of the photographic film, which consists of strips 1.377 ± 0.001 inches (34.976 ± 0.025 mm) wide."[1][2][3][4][5]
- "The standard image exposure length on 35 mm for movies ("single-frame" format) is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film."[6]
- "A variety of largely proprietary gauges were devised for the numerous camera and projection systems being developed independently in the late 19th century and early 20th century, ranging from 13 to 75 mm (0.51 to 2.95 in),"[7]
- "Film 35 mm wide with four perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard gauge in 1909,"[8]
Style:
- Should that giant footnote just be made into body text?
- Is this too detailed?:
Film 35 mm wide with four perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard gauge in 1909, and remained by far the dominant film gauge for image origination and projection until the advent of digital photography and cinematography, despite challenges from smaller and larger gauges, because its size allowed for a relatively good trade-off between the cost of the film stock and the quality of the images captured.
- and does it warrant ref in lead?
WP:V:
| Info in lead | Is it in body? |
|---|---|
| "In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge" | Yes |
| "The name of the gauge is not a direct measurement, and refers to the nominal width of the photographic film, which consists of strips 1.377 ± 0.001 inches (34.976 ± 0.025 mm) wide" | |
| "The standard image exposure length on 35 mm for movies ("single-frame" format) is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. " | Yes (by way of math) |
| "The 35 mm width, originally specified as 1 3⁄8 inches, was introduced |
Yes |
| "Film 35 mm wide with four perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard gauge in 1909, and remained by far the dominant film gauge for image origination and projection until the advent of digital photography and cinematography |
Yes |
| "The ubiquity of 35 mm movie projectors in commercial movie theaters made 35 mm the only motion picture format that could be played in almost any cinema in the world, until digital projection largely superseded it in the 21st century." |
35 mm movie film 3D edit
The success of digitally projected 3D movies in the first two decades of the 21st century led to a demand from some theater owners to be able to show these movies in 3D without incurring the high capital cost of installing digital projection equipment. To satisfy that demand, a number of systems had been proposed for 3D systems based on 35 mm film by Technicolor,[9] Panavision[10] and others. These systems are improved versions of the "over-under" stereo 3D prints first introduced in the 1960s.
To be attractive to exhibitors, these schemes offered 3D films that can be projected by a standard 35 mm cinema projector with minimal modification, and so they are based on the use of "over-under" film prints. In these prints a left-right pair of 2.39:1 non-anamorphic images are substituted for the one 2.39:1 anamorphic image of a 2D "scope" print. The frame dimensions are based on those of the Techniscope 2-perf camera format used in the 1960s and '70s. However, when used for 3D the left and right frames are pulled down together, thus the standard 4-perf pulldown is retained, minimising the need for modifications to the projector or to long-play systems. The linear speed of film through the projector and sound playback both remain exactly the same as in normal 2D operation.
The Technicolor system uses the polarisation of light to separate the left and right eye images and for this they rent to exhibitors a combination splitter-polarizer-lens assembly which can be fitted to a lens turret in the same manner as an anamorphic lens. In contrast, the Panavision system uses a spectral comb filter system, but their combination splitter-filter-lens is physically similar to the Technicolor assembly and can be used in the same way. No other modifications are required to the projector for either system, though for the Technicolor system a silver screen is necessary, as it would be with polarised-light digital 3D. Thus a programme can readily include both 2D and 3D segments with only the lens needing to be changed between them.
In June 2012, Panavision 3D systems for both 35 mm film and digital projection were withdrawn from the market by DVPO theatrical (who marketed these system on behalf of Panavision) citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions".[11]
- Refs and notes
- ^ "PH22.36-1954, American Standard, Dimensions for 35mm Motion-Picture Positive Raw Stock". Journal of the SMPTE. 62: 395. May 1954. OCLC 5929156.
- ^ Society of Motion Picture Engineers (May 1930). "Standards Adopted by the Society of Motion Picture Engineers". Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. XIV (5): 545–566.
- ^ Jones, Loyd A. (October 1933). "A Historical Summary of Standardization in the Society of Motion Picture Engineers". Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. XXI (4): 280–293. doi:10.5594/J12977.
- ^ Dickson, W. K. L. (December 1933). "A Brief History of the Kinetograph, The Kinetoscope and The Kineto-Phonograph". Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. XXI (6). Society of Motion Picture Engineers: 435–455. doi:10.5594/J12965. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
- ^ ST 139:2003 - SMPTE Standard - For Motion-Picture Film (35-mm) — Perforated KS. SMPTE. 12 November 2003. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST139.2003. ISBN 978-1-61482-313-1.
- ^ Hummel, Rob (ed). American Cinematographer Manual, 8th edition. ASC Press: Hollywood, 2001.
- ^ Horak, Jan-Christopher. "Introduction to Film Gauges". UCLA Film and Television Archive. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ Alsobrook, Russ T. "Machines That Made the Movies, Part 1". International Cinematographers Guild. Archived from the original on May 20, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2006.
- ^ "Entertainment Services". Technicolor. Archived from the original on 2011-10-24. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ "Seeing is Believing". Cinema Technology. 24 (1). March 2011.
- ^ "Home". DVPO Theatrical. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07.