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Hugh Granville Robinson (August 4, 1932 - March 1, 2010) was the first African American general officer in the United States Army Corps of Engineers and a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War. In addition, Robinson served as the military aide to President Lyndon B. Johnson, the first African American to hold such a position.

Hugh G. Robinson
Born	Hugh Granville Robinson August 4, 1932 Washington, D.C.
Died	March 1, 2010 Dallas, Texas
Alma mater	United States Military Academy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Awards	Air Medal, Bronze Star Medal, Legion of Merit, Commendation Medal

Early life and education

Robinson was born on August 4, 1932 in Washington, D.C. His father, Colonel James H. Robinson, was a career Army officer. Robinson graduated from Dunbar High School and later attended the United States Military Academy. Upon graduating in 1954, Robinson was commissioned in the United States Army Corps of Engineers and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he earned a Master's Degree in Civil Engineering in 1959. He later completed the Harvard Business School Management Program for Executives and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Williams College.

Career

Military career

Robinson served in the military between 1954 and 1983. After a tour of duty in Korea and time holding various Army staff positions, Robinson worked for the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations at The Pentagon. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Robinson as his military aide. Robinson served in this position throughout the remaining duration of Johnson's term as President.

Upon leaving the White House, Robinson served in Vietnam as the deputy group commander of the 45th Engineer Group and as commander of the 39th Engineer Battalion. In recognition of his service, he received an Air Medal, a Bronze Star Medal, the Legion of Merit and a Commendation Medal.

Robinson returned to West Point in 1972 to serve as the 3rd Regimental Tactical officer, where he was tasked with developing and training cadets. He was later promoted to Colonel and then Brigadier General in 1978, in which he became the first African American general officer in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He was again promoted in 1980 to Major General and was assigned the responsibility of commanding the Corps of Engineers' Southwestern Division. He held this position until his retirement from the military in 1983.

Post-military career

Following his time in the military, Robinson held various executive and corporate board positions. This included acting as Chief Executive Officer of the Tetra Group and Chief Operating Officer of Nova Energy. Furthermore, for seven years, Robinson served as vice chairman and then chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Robinson was also involved in civic affairs, founder of the Dallas Youth Services Corps and co-chairman of Dallas Promise.

References

Allison Fundis is a marine geologist, ocean explorer and Chief Operating Officer for the Ocean Exploration Trust. She has led or participated in over 50 expeditions at sea across the world, and in 2021 was named as an Emerging Explorer by the National Geographic Society.

Early life and education

Fundis holds a MS in Marine Geology from the University of Florida and a BA in Human Ecology from the College of the Atlantic. Prior to earning her Master's degree, Fundis was a high school chemistry and biology teacher at the University School of Nashville in Tennessee.

Career

In 2010, Fundis worked for the National Science Foundation-funded Ocean Observatories Initiative at the University of Washington. During this time, she helped plan and install the largest cabled seafloor observatory in the US.

Fundis joined the Ocean Exploration Trust in 2013 and currently acts as the Chief Operating Officer. Alongside a team of scientists, educators and engineers, Fundis leads annual missions aboard the trust's exploration vessel Nautilus. The vessel's telepresence systems enable expeditions to be live-streamed so as to engage the public and the scientific community.

In 2019, Fundis co-led a three-week expedition with Robert Ballard to solve the mystery of Amelia Earhart's disappearance. A common theory posits that Earhart crash-landed on Nikumaroro Island in the Pacific Ocean. In response, Fundis and her team conducted an exhaustive search for any evidence of a plane in the water surrounding the island. Although no such evidence was found, the complete exploration of this area was an important step in furthering the conclusion of this mystery.

Awards

Fundis was recognized in 2019 as an Innovation & Technology delegate for the Academy of Achievement and as an IF/THEN ambassador by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2020, she was induced as a Fellow National of the Explorers Club and is a member of National Geographic Society's 2021 class of Emerging Explorers.

External links

• Expedition Amelia - TV Movie - 2019

The Alaska Highway Veterans is a group of roughly 4,000 segregated African American soldiers in the United States Army Corps of Engineers who helped build the Alaska Highway in 1942. The highway's successful construction is seen by many as an important factor in the 1948 decision to desegregate the military.

History

An African American solider of the Alaska Highway Veterans shaking the hand of a while soldier upon completion of the Alaska Highway

The directive to construct the Alaska Highway was authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1942. At the time, the majority of the Army's engineers were assigned elsewhere as part of the World War II effort. Although many in the military during that period viewed African American engineers as less skilled, the lack of resources prompted the employment of regiments of African American engineers on the project. A total of 11,000 troops worked on the highway's construction, segregated into three African American regiments and four white regiments.

The project concluded on October 25, 1942, with an African American solider and a white soldier shaking hands as the final link of the highway was completed. In 2017, Governor Bill Walker of Alaska signed Senate Bill 46 into law commemorating the contribution of the Alaska Highway Veterans. Upon the bill's signing, Walker stated, "It’s not my words. It’s the federal government’s words that this highway really was the road to civil rights."