User:Gracesearle/integratingsandbox

Kokota (Ooe Kokota)
Native to	Solomon Islands
Region	3 villages on the Island Santa Isabel: Goveo, Sisiḡa, Honiara
Ethnicity	Kokota (people)
Native speakers	1,200 (2009)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Western Oceanic languages Meso-Melanesian New Ireland network South New Ireland/ Northwest Solomonic network Santa Isabel Central Santa Isabel Kokota (Ooe Kokota)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kkk
Glottolog	koko1269

Santa Isabel

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Location of Santa Isabel in Solomon Island Chain

Note to grader: information brought directly from the original Kokota language Wikipedia page will signified by << and >> while further notes to you will be italicized and prefaced with 'Note to grader:'; when info is taken out of the original page it will be marked and when it is taken out for length of this draft, it will be noted (i.e. if I'm not changing a section of theirs, I let you know that the section will be there and that I'm not changing their work. If a section is entirely my own, I will mark it at the beginning or title with ' *** ' . Anything that is partially mine and partially theirs will be unmarked except the parts I borrow to integrate from the original page which will be in the usual << ... >> .

*** Kokota (also known as “Ooe Kokota”) is spoken on the Island, Santa Isabel, which is located in the Solomon Island chain in the Pacific Ocean. Santa Isabel is one of the larger islands in the chain, but it has a very low population density. Kokota is the main language of three villages: Goveo and Sisigā on the North coast, and Hurepelo on the South coast, though there are a few speakers who reside in the capital, Honiara, and elsewhere. The language is classified as a 6b (threatened) on the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS). To contextualize '6b': the language is not in immediate danger of extinction since children in the villages are still taught Kokota and speak it at home despite English being the language of the school system. However, Kokota is threatened by another language, Cheke Holo, as speakers of this language move from the west of the island closer to the Kokota-speaking villages. Kokota is one of 37 languages in the Northwestern Solomon Group, and as with other Oceanic languages, it had limited morphological complexity.

In its morphology, Kokota uses affixation, cliticization, full and partial reduplication, and compounding. Phonologically, Kokota has a diverse array of vowels and consonants and makes unique use of stress assignment. Regarding its basic syntax, Kokota uses an unmarked Verb, Subject, Object (VSO) structure. The sections below expand on each of these topics to give an overview of the Kokota language.

Phonology

The phonemic inventory of Kokota consists of 22 consonants and 5 vowels.

Vowels

Kokota has five vowel phonemes as shown in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart below and uses no phonemic diphthongs. There are two front vowels, /i/ and /e/, one central vowel, /a/, and two back vowels: a maximally rounded /u/ and a slightly rounded /o/. The IPA symbol appears in /.../ while the orthography used in this wikipedia page appears to the left of the /.../

Vowel Phonemes   Front Central Back High i /i/   u /u/ Mid e /e/   o /o/ Low   a /a/

<<Despite a lack of phonemic length distinction in Kokota, one does find long vowels. This is due to a sequence of two identical vowels, rather than one long vowel – this distinction is demonstrated by the optional insertion of an epenthetic glottal stop between the two vowels ((Palmer 1999:20).

Kokota doesn’t contain any phonemic diphthongs; however they do occur in normal speech. Only certain vowel sequences are eligible for diphthonisation. Sequences may only diphthongise if the second vowel present is higher than the first. Front-back and back-front movements are not eligible to become diphthongs. This leaves six diphthongs able to occur (Palmer 1999:21–22): /ae/, /ai/, /ao/, /au/, /ei/ and /ou/. Diphthongisation is also not restricted by morpheme boundaries. Thus, any sequence of eligible vowels may diphthongise.>>

Consonants

There are 22 consonants in Kokota. There are five contrastive places of articulation and five contrastive manners. <<Two manners are obstruent classes (fricative and plosive) and three are sonorant classes (lateral, nasal, and rhotic). >>

<<Kokota orthography is heavily influenced by that of Cheke Holo. For instance, glottal stops are not phonemic in Kokota but are often written with an apostrophe (as in Cheke Holo) when they occur in certain nondistinctive environments, such as to mark morpheme boundaries between neighboring vowels. Similarly, Cheke Holo distinguishes j and z but Kokota does not. Nevertheless, Kokota speakers tend to use either letter to write phonemic /z/. The macron is used to write the voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/. Most consonants distinguish voiceless and voiced versions (left and right respectively in each cell in the table). --taken out info-- The amount of voiced and voiceless consonants and vowels is nearly equal with the percentage being 52% voiced and 48% voiceless. --taken out info-- Its six fricative phonemes make Kokota a relative outlier in Oceanic, where 2-3 fricatives are usual. >>

Note to grader: I know this table looks a bit much, but Prof. Kalin and I spoke extensively about this matter and agreed on this visual representation to merge mine with the existing chart (as in the vowel chart, the grammar's [thus my wiki page's] orthography is outside the brackets while the IPA representations are in /.../)

Consonant Phonemes   Bilabial Labiodental Post alveolar Velar Glottal Plosive p /p/ b /b/   t /t/ d /d/ k /k/ ḡ /g/   Nasal mh /m̥/ m /m/   nh /n̥/ n /n/ n̄h /ŋ̊/ n̄ /ŋ/   Rhotic (Tap)     rh /ɾ̥/ r /ɾ/     Fricative   f /f/ v /v/ s /s/ z /z/ g /ɣ/ h /h/ Lateral Approximant     lh /l̥/ l /l/

***Syllable structure

Kokota uses three types of syllable structure for the most part: V, CV, and CCV. Most (88% of 746 syllables examined) are CV (V and CCV each represent 6%). However, there are also rare cases where a CCVV or CVV syllable may occur. Thus, Kokota structure is: (C)(C)V(V). Final consonant codas usually occur only in words borrowed from another language. The CCVV structure is extremely rare as Kokota does not use phonemic 'diphthongs' (see 'vowel' section) and the term simply refers to 2 vowels occurring in sequence in a single syllable. In CC initial syllables, the first consonant (C1) must be an obstruent or fricative, specifically: the labial plosives /p/, /b/, velar plosives /k/, /g/, labial fricatives /f/, /v/, or coronal fricatives /s/, /z/. The second consonant (C2) must be a voiced coronal sonorant ( /ɾ/, /l/, or /n/). The table below illustrates the possible CC onset cluster pairings.

Note to grader: I see your comment regarding 'use their orthography' but on page 21, this is the exact orthography used minus the '?' in front of 'sɾ' which I omitted then but will add here.

	p	b	k	g	f	v	s	z
ɾ	pɾ	bɾ	kɾ	gɾ	fɾ	vɾ	?sɾ	zɾ
l	pl	bl	kl	gl	fl	-	-	-
n	-	bn	kn	-	fn	-	sn	zn

The table below contains representations of the basic, productive syllable structures in Kokota.

Note to grader: I found words throughout the grammar for this table as there was no such table in the grammar but understanding Kokota syllable structure allowed me to segment these words and provide clarity to the reader so the page numbers are not the same for each word.

Template	Instantiation	Translation
V	ia	'the' singular
CV	na.snu.ɾi	'sea urchin'
CCV	sna.kɾe	'allow'
CVV	dou/	'be.big'

***Stress

Kokota uses trochaic stress patterns (stressed-unstressed in sequence, counting from the left edge of a word). Stress in the language varies widely among speakers, but there are patterns to the variation. Three main factors contribute to this variability: the limited morphology of Kokota, the fact some words are irregular by nature, and finally because of the present generational transition in stress assignment. The language is currently in a period of change as it moves from relying on stress assignment based on moras and moves to stress assignment by syllable. The age of the speaker is a defining factor in stress use as members of older generations assign stress based on weight while younger generations assign stress based on syllables, placing main stress on the leftmost syllable of the word.

Example 1

Words can be divided into syllables (σ) and feet (φ) and syllables may be divided further into moras (μ). Two moras grouped together comprise a foot. An important restriction on foot formation in Kokota is that their construction cannot split moras of the same syllable. For example, a word that has three syllables CV.CV.CVV has four moras CV, CV, CV, V. These moras are split into two feet: [CV.CV] and [CVV].

Assigning stress based on mora uses bimoraic feet to determine where a word receives stress. In CVV.CV words like /bae.su/ ('shark') the syllables are split as bae and su. The word subdivides into three moras: ba, e, su. The first two moras ba and e become Foot 1 and su is a 'left-over' mora. The first mora is stressed (ba), though in speech the whole syllable receives stress so bae is stressed in this word (see below where the stressed syllable is bolded).

                                     baesu
                                     φ: bae,         -
                                     σ: bae,         su
                                     μ: ba, e,       su

In contrast, a younger speaker of Kokota would assign stress based on bisyllabic feet. Following the syllable structure above, bae is again the stressed syllable but this is simply coincidental as stress is assigned to the first syllable (of the two: bae.su). This coincidence will not always be the case as demonstrated in the next example, below.

Example 2

CV.CVV words like /ka.lae/ ('reef') show more complex stress assignment. 'ka.lae' has three moras: ka, la, e and two syllables: ka, lae. For older speakers, the feet are assigned differently than in bae.su because ordinary foot assignment would take the first two moras and thus would split the lae syllable. Since this is impossible, foot assignment begins with the second mora and thus the first foot is lae and stress falls on the first mora of that foot (and the rest of the syllable).

                                     kalae
                                     φ: - ,     la e
                                     σ: ka,     la e
                                     μ: ka,     la,  e

A younger speaker uses the simpler, syllable-based foot parsing: stress thus falls on the first syllable ka while the second syllable lae is unstressed.

Morphology

Morphology in the Kokota language relies on affixation, cliticization, reduplication, and compounding to alter words as well as affixation in case/agreement marking.

***Cliticization

By adding two clitics on to the root noun /dadara/, Kokota specifies who possesses it as well as its proximity, as shown in the gloss below.

The gloss of /dadaraḡuine/ is:

dadara

blood

=ḡu=ine

=1SGP=thisR

dadara =ḡu=ine

blood =1SGP=thisR

'this blood of mine'

/Dadara/ is the root meaning 'blood'; /gu/ indicates 1^st person singular possessive ("my").

A more complex form of cliticization occurs in the example sentence below:

gure

nut.paste

foro

coconut.paste

ḡ-e=u=gu

NT-3S=be.thus=CNT

ade

here

titili=o

titili=thatNV

gure foro ḡ-e=u=gu ade titili=o

nut.paste coconut.paste NT-3S=be.thus=CNT here titili=thatNV

'They made nut and coconut paste here at those standing stones.'

(Notes: the standing stones 'titili' have spiritual significance; NT is the indicator of neutral modality; CNT is continuous; NV refers to something that is not visible)

Reduplication

Kokota uses both full and partial reduplication.

Partial Reduplication

Partial reduplication may show the change of a noun to a verb, verb to a noun, nouns becoming different nouns, or verbs becoming different verbs.

<<

verb from noun
a.	/fiolo/ 'penis'	/fi~fiolo/ 'masturbate (of males)'
b.	/piha/ 'small parcel'	/pi~piha/ 'make a piha parcel'
c.	/puki/ 'round lump of s.th.'	/pu~puki/ 'be round'

noun from verbs
a.	/siko/ 'steal'	/si~siko/ ʻthiefʻ
b.	/lase/ 'know'	/la~Iase/ 'knowledge, cleverness'
c.	/maku/ 'be hard'	/ma~maku/ 'Ieatherjacket (fish w. tough skin)'

slight noun from noun differentiation
a.	/baɣi/ 'wing'	/ba~bayi/ 'side roof of porch'
b.	/buli/ 'cowrie'	/bu~buli/ 'clam sp.'
c.	/tahi/ 'sea'	/ta~tahi/ 'stingray'

slight verb from verb differentiation
a.	/ŋau/ 'eat'	/ŋa~ŋau/ 'be biting (of fish)'
b.	/pɾosa/ 'slap self w. flipper (turtles)'	/po~pɾosa/ 'wash clothes'
c.	/maɾ̥i/ 'be in pain'	/ma~maɾ̥a/ 'be in labor'

habitual, ongoing, or diminutive event
a.	/m̥aɣu/ 'be afraid'	/m̥a~m̥aɣu/ 'be habitually fearful'
b.	/safɾa/ 'miss'	/sa~safɾa/ 'always miss'
c.	/seha/ 'climb'	/se~seha/ 'climb all about'

Tables retrieved from, Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. >>

Full Reduplication

<<There is only a small number of full reduplication of disyllabic roots in the Kokota language. Below are examples of full reduplication where the relationship is idiosyncratic:

a.	/seku/ 'tail'	/seku~seku/ 'black trevally'
b.	/ɣano/ 'smell/taste good'	/fa ɣano~ɣano/ ʻbe very goodʻ
c.	/mane/ "man, maleʻ	/fa mane~mane/ ʻbe dressed up (man or woman)ʻ
d.	/ɣase/ ʻgirl, femaleʻ	/fa ɣase~ɣase/ ʻbe dressed up to show off (woman only)ʻ

Tables retrieved from, Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

One example shows full reduplication deriving verbs from transitive roots, and nouns from verbs:

a.

/izu/ ʻread s.th.ʻ

/izu~izu/ ʻbe reading; a readingʻ

Tables retrieved from, Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. >>

***Noun Compounding

Both endocentric and exocentric compounding occur.

Endocentric Compounding

Endocentric compounding in Kokota results in words that serve the grammatical purpose that one of its constituent words does. There are three examples below.

Example 1	Example 2	Example 3
Noun + Noun = Noun /hiba/ + /mautu/ = /hibamautu/ "eye" + "right.side" = right eye	Noun + Active Verb = Noun /vaka/ + /flalo/ = /vakaflalo/ "ship" + "fly" = aircraft	Noun + Stative Verb = Noun /mane/ + /dou/ = /manedou/ "man" + "be.big" = important man

Exocentric Compounding

Exocentric compounding in Kokota results in words that do not serve the grammatical purpose that any of the constituent words do. There are two examples below.

Example 1	Example 2
Active Verb + Noun = Proper Noun /siko/ + /ḡia/ = /sikogia/ "steal" + "lime" = bird (specific species)	Active Verb + Stative Verb = Noun /ika/ + /blahi/ = /ikablahi/ "wash" + "be.sacred" = baptism

Verb Complex

<<In the Kokota language there are two layers to the verb complex: an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer is the verb core which is transparent to any sentence modifiers. The outer layer can alter the verb core all together. Constituent modifiers can modify the verb complex in a sentence in addition to the inner and outer layers of verb complexes. >>

Verb Compounding

<<Compound verbs stem from multiple verbs. The left-hand root is the verb and the right-hand can be a noun, verb, or adjective. The phrase all together acts as a verb phrase.

Compound Verbs	verb, noun, or adjective root
a.do~dou-n̄hau	'be a glutton' (lit. 'R.D-be.big-eat')
b.lehe-n̄hau	'be hungry' (lit. 'die-eat')
c.gato-ḡonu	'forget' (lit. 'think-be.insensible')
d.foḡra-dou	'be very sick' (lit. 'be.sick-be.big')
e.dia-tini	'be unwell' (lit. 'be.bad-body')
f.turi-tove	'tell custom stories' (lit. 'narrate-old')

Table retrieved from, Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. >>

Pronouns

Note to grader: Prof. Kalin and I discussed leaving the pronouns section and its subsections here on the original page alone

Negation

Note to grader: Prof. Kalin and I discussed leaving the negation and its subsection on the original page alone as my work does not include it

Clause Structure

Note to grader: this was listed as 'Class structure' in the original page and Prof. Kalin suggested I change it to 'Clause structure' the subsections are taken directly from the original page to demonstrate what the category consists of in the original writer's mind. I am adding syntax/basic word order under this section as per a conversation with Prof. Kalin.

***Basic word order

Unmarked clause structure in Kokota follows the basic sequential order: Verb Subject Object (VSO). These clauses may not be common in 'normal discourse'. This unmarked word order is shown in the example below:

n-o

RL-3S

fa-lehe=ri

CS-die=3PLO

[ago]

youSG

[kokorako

chicken

are]

thoseN

n-o fa-lehe=ri [ago] [kokorako are]

RL-3S CS-die=3PLO youSG chicken thoseN

'You are killing those chickens.'

Verb: no faleheri Subject: ago Object: kokorako are

RL-3S is the abbreviation for - realis 3rd person subject meaning that the sentence relates to a factual occurrence (realis) and the subject is third-person (s/he or it). CS is the abbreviation for 'causative'. 3PLO is the abbreviation for - 3^rd person plural object.

Equative Clauses

<< Equative clauses represent a characteristic of the subject in the sentence. In the Kokota language moods are unmarked. In equatives, the subject agreement component in verb clauses are excluded. >>

Telling the Time

<< When telling the time; time is the subject. Telling time smaller than an hour is expressed by a NP that expresses the minutes numerically attached to a possessor that expresses the hour. Using the terms like ‘half past’ or ‘quarter to’ cannot be determined in Kokota language.

A. tanhi [nihau] time how.much	B. tanhi [fitu-gu] time seven-CRD	tanhi [nabata-ai gaha miniti kenu//egu=na time ten-plus five minute frontlbehind=3SGP
'What's the time?'	'The time is seven o'clock.'	'The time is fifteen minutes to/past seven.' fitu-gu] seven-CRD

Table retrieved from, Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. >>

Topicalization

<< The topicalized subject in Kokota language is in the preverbal position. Any subject can be tropicalized but rarely in natural conversation.

a. ago n-o fa-lehe=au ara youSG RL-2s Cs-die=ISGO I	'You are killing me.'
b. ia tara=n̄a n-e mai=ne theSG enemy=IMM RL-3s come=thisR	'The enemy has come.'
c. tito tomoko n-e au=re zelu three war.canoe RL-3s exist=thoseN PNLOC	'Three war canoes are at Zelu.'
d. manei e beha n̄hen̄he he 3s NSP be. separate	'He is different.'

Table retrieved from, Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

Below is a table of the breakdown position occurrence of the first 100 verbal clauses in a normal text:

	Preverbal topicalized arguments	Focused arguments	Arguments in unmarked position	Total
A	2 (28.5%)	0	5 (71.5%)	7 (100%)
S	8 (15.5%)	2 (4.0%)	41 (80.5%)	51 (100%)
O	1 (5.5%)	0	17 (94.5%)	18 (100%)

Table retrieved from, Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. >>

Phrases

Note to grader: Prof. Kalin and I discussed leaving the phrases section here on the original page alone as my work does not include it

Numerals

Note to grader: Prof. Kalin and I discussed leaving the numerals section here on the original page alone as my work does not include it

Abbreviations

Note to grader: the abbreviations section here in the original page expands on the glossing abbreviations used in the wikipedia page and I will be leaving it alone

References

• Palmer, Bill (1999). Grammar of the Kokota language, Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands.
• Palmer, B. (1999). Kokota Grammar, Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands. (PhD dissertation, University of Sydney, Australia). Retrieved from http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/northwest-solomonic/kokota/kokota-grammar/
• Palmer, Bill (2009). Kokota Grammar. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication No. 35. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3251-3.
• Palmer, B. (2008). Kokota Grammar. Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

Category:Northwest Solomonic languages Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands

Palmer, Bill (2009). Kokota Grammar. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824832513.