Quote

VV.AA. (2023) [1992]. "Śuri". Gli Etruschi e l'Europa (in Italian). Fabbri & Bompiani. pp. 317–319. ISBN 9788845045554. [The idea that the figure of Surtr in Norse poems could derive from Śuri, the Etruscan god of fire, is certainly fascinating and full of food for thought. Surtr's arrival from the south, as told in the Norse myths, may actually be a reference to Etruscan Italy, Śuri's homeland. […] The presence of Etruscan and Rhaetian engravings on Celtic and Germanic finds indicates cultural and linguistic contacts between these populations, […]. The Etruscan influence on Norse mythology could be explained in several ways:
- Cultural borrowings: It is possible that the Scandinavian peoples adopted and adapted Etruscan mythological figures, such as Śuri, into their pantheon.
- Comparative mythology: The similarities between Śuri and Surtr could reflect universal archetypes linked to fire and its ambivalent power, present in different cultures.
- Independent development: Both figures could have arisen independently from similar cultural contexts, with similar characteristics due to shared experiences and beliefs.
Research on this topic is still ongoing and there is no definitive answer. However, the hypothesis of a connection between Śuri and Surtr offers an interesting perspective for understanding the interactions and cultural exchanges between ancient European civilizations. The analysis of literary texts, archaeological finds and linguistic studies can provide further clues to reveal the mysteries that link these fascinating mythological figures. […] Indeed, the etymological coincidence between Śuri (black) and Surtr (black) may actually suggest a deeper connection than initially assumed. […] There are several possibilities to explain this connection:
- Dark Fire Archetype: Both deities may represent a shared archetype of "dark fire", a primal power associated with both creation and destruction. Black, in this sense, could symbolize the ambivalent and complex nature of this archetype.
- Solar and chthonic symbolism: Black could represent the chthonic (dark, underground) aspect of Śuri, god of the sun. In many cultures, solar deities are associated with both life-giving light and hellish darkness.
- Linguistic and cultural influences: It is possible that the sharing of the term "black" is due to linguistic loanwords or cultural contacts between the Etruscan and Norse populations. In this case, the connection may be more linguistic than mythological.
To explore this hypothesis, broader research integrating linguistics, comparative mythology, and archeology would be needed. Regardless of the specific explanation, the etymological coincidence between Śuri and Surtr remains a fascinating clue that invites deeper reflection on the connections between different cultures and their belief systems.]

Summary

The connection between the Etruscan god Śuri and the Norse figure Surtr offers a fascinating perspective on ancient European civilizations. They might have arisen independently from similar cultural contexts, sharing characteristics due to shared experiences and beliefs, or – based on comparative mythology – the similarities between Śuri and Surtr could reflect universal archetypes related to fire and its ambivalent power, present in various cultures. It's anyway plausible that Scandinavian peoples adopted and adapted Etruscan mythological figures like Śuri into their own pantheon. The etymological coincidence between Śuri (meaning "black" or "from the black [place]") and Surtr (also meaning "black") is intriguing. It suggests a deeper connection than initially assumed.

Dark Fire Archetype: Both deities may represent a shared archetype of "dark fire," symbolizing primal power associated with both creation and destruction.
Solar and Chthonic Symbolism: Black could represent the chthonic (underground) aspect of Śuri, the god of the Sun. Solar deities often embody both life-giving light and hellish darkness.
Linguistic and Cultural Influences: The shared term "black" could result from linguistic loanwords or cultural contacts between Etruscan and Norse populations.

Further Research:

To explore this hypothesis, interdisciplinary research integrating linguistics, comparative mythology, and archaeology would be necessary.
Regardless of the specific explanation, the connection between Śuri and Surtr invites reflection on the interactions and cultural exchanges between ancient European civilizations.

In summary, the potential link between Śuri and Surtr opens up exciting avenues for understanding the deep-rooted connections between different mythologies and belief systems.

Citations

^[1]^[2]^[3]

Bibliography

Examples

George, Ernest J.; Read, Ralph A.; Johnson, R. W.; Ferber, A. E. (1957). "Shelterbelts and Windbreaks". In Stefferud, Alfred (ed.). Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957. United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 704186906.

Harper, V. L.; Frank, Bernard; McQuilkin, W. E. (1957). "Forest Practices and Productivity". In Stefferud, Alfred (ed.). Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957. United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 704186906.

Harper, V. L.; Frank, Bernard; McQuilkin, W. E. (1957). "Forest Practices and Productivity". In Stefferud, Alfred (ed.). Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957. United States Department of Agriculture.

Books to format

De Grummond, Nancy Thomson; Simon, Erika, eds. (2006). The Religion of the Etruscans. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292782334.
- Bonfante, Larissa. "Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion". In De Grummond & Simon (2006).
- Simon, Erika. "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon". In De Grummond & Simon (2006).

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Vol. I–VIII. Zurich, Munich, Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler Verlag. 1981–1999. ISBN 3-7608-8751-1.
- Krauskopf, Ingrid (1988). "Aita/Calu". In LIMC. Vol. IV. pp. 394–399.
- LIMC. Vol. VII. 1994.

Pallottino

Pallottino, Massimo (1992) [1991]. Bonnefoy, Yves (ed.). Roman and European Mythologies. Translated by Doniger, Wendy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30, 36. ISBN 9780226064550.

Bonnefoy, Yves, ed. (1992) [1991]. Roman and European Mythologies. Translated by Doniger, Wendy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30, 36. ISBN 9780226064550.
- Pallottino, Massimo (1992a). "Pre-Roman Italy". In Bonnefoy (1992), p. 30.
- Pallottino, Massimo (1992b). "Etruscan Religion". In Bonnefoy (1992), p. 36.

Gallery


O: Laureate head of Apulu	R: X
Silver denarius from Populonia, 3rd century BCE ref.: Vecchi III 21 (same obv. die); HN Italy 168 var. (club not noted). EF, toned.


O: Laureate head of Apulu	R: X
Silver denarius from Populonia, 3rd century BCE ref.: HN Italy 168; Vecchi III 13 (same obv. die); SNG ANS 26; SNG Lloyd 24 (same obv. die); SNG Ashmolean 14–7 (same obv. die); SNG Copenhagen 39 (same obv. die); Basel 14; Weber 64 (same obv. die).


O: Diademed bust of Vejovis hurling thunderbolt	R: Minerva with javelin and shield riding quadriga C·LICINIUS·L·F / MACER
Silver denarius struck in Rome 84 BC ref.: Licinia 16; sear5 #274; Cr354/1; Syd 732

Chariot fitting representing Usil, 500–475 BCE. Hermitage Museum
Bronze mirror from near Orvieto, c. 500 BCE. The Etruscan sun god, known as Usil, rises from the waves, juggling balls of fire. Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Bronze mirror from Tuscania, c. 350 BCE. From left to right, Nethuns, Usil, Thesan. In the lower exergue a winged anguiped demon who holds up a dolphin in each hand. Vatican Museums, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco
Etruscan Apollo, terracotta bust, 300–310 BCE, Temple of the Scasato, Falerii. National Etruscan Museum
Laureate head of Apulu, silver denarius from Populonia, 3rd century BC
Aita. Tomba Golini, Orvieto
Aita (Etruscan: 𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌀) and Phersipnai (Etruscan: 𐌉𐌀𐌍𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌛𐌄𐌘). Tomba dell’Orco II, Tarquinia

Cut

Category:Apollo Category:Hades Category:Metamorphoses characters Category:Legendary progenitors Category:Agricultural gods Category:Fertility gods Category:Abundance gods Category:Fortune gods Category:Cattle deities Category:Smithing gods Category:Night gods Category:Vengeance gods

[FOOTNOTEPallottino1992-1] Pallottino 1992.

[FOOTNOTEPallottino1992a-2] Pallottino 1992a.

[FOOTNOTEPallottino1992b-3] Pallottino 1992b.

[1]

[2]

[3]

v t e Medicine in ancient Rome
Tools	Cimolian earth Speculum Spoon of Diocles Strigil
Physicians	Pedanius Dioscorides Soranus of Ephesus Galen Asclepiades of Bithynia Aulus Cornelius Celsus Oribasius Muscio Philonides Antiochis of Tlos Antonius Musa Aurelius Opilius Meges of Sidon Sextius Niger Archagathus Marcellus Empiricus Caelius Aurelianus Cassius Felix Gessius of Petra Antyllus Criton of Heraclea Sextus Empiricus Marcellus of Side Serenus Sammonicus Sextus Placitus Aemilia Hilaria Quintus Gargilius Martialis Thessalus of Tralles Albucius Arcyon Athenaeus of Attalia Crinas of Marseilles Damocrates Charmis of Marseilles Scribonius Largus Andromachus Eudemus Alcon Herodotus
Medical literature	Gynaecology De Medicina De materia medica Galenic Corpus Medicina Plinii
Roles	Archiater Dentistry in ancient Rome Disability in ancient Rome Disease in Imperial Rome Food and diet in ancient medicine Gynecology in ancient Rome Mental illness in ancient Rome Medical community of ancient Rome Nutrition in classical antiquity Surgery in ancient Rome
Theories	Dogmatic school Eclectic school Empiric school Humorism Methodic school Miasma theory Pneumatic school
Religion	Febris Vejovis
Plagues	Antonine Plague Cyprian Plague
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