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User:Dragfyre/Sandbox/Timeline of religion in Vietnam

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The earliest forms of Vietnamese religious practice were animistic and totemic in nature.[1]

Early history

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c. 1000 BCE
The Dong Son culture flourishes in Vietnam's Red River Valley, producing the Dong Son bronze drums that certain archaeologists believe may have been produced in a religious context.[nb 1]
300 BCE
Proselytizing Buddhist delegations are sent from India during the reign of Emperor Ashoka, some of whom are thought to have reached Vietnam.[2]
c. 179 BCE
The Luy Lâu centre, a major Buddhist centre in the region, is founded in Bắc Ninh province, north of present-day Hanoi.[3]
c. 100
The Hindu Kingdom of Funan is established in the Mekong Delta area.[4][5]
c. 100
Buddhism comes to Vietnam, through the North from central Asia and China and through the South from Indian trade routes.[6][7]
c. 189
Early Buddhist missionaries Mahajivaka (also known as Jivaka) and Kalacarya arrive together in Luy Lâu.[8]
c. 194
Mau Bac (Mou Po in Chinese), fleeing Confucianist opposition in China, travels to Tonkin and propagates Buddhism by winning converts there.[9]
c. 200
The central coast of Viet Nam was inhabited by the Chams, who had adopted elements of Indian political and religious culture.
280
Khuong Tang Hoi, the founder of the Vietnamese Chan sect of Buddhism, dies. His fame as a translator of Buddhist sacred writings had a profound effect on the development of Vietnamese Buddhism, and led to the conversion of the King of Wu, Sun Quan, to Buddhism.[10][9]
294
Mahajivaka arrives at Luoyang, having travelled through Funan and Tonkin preaching about the Buddhist religion.[8]
300
Theravada Buddhism arrives from India into the southern Mekong Delta region, between 300-600 AD.
380
Pham Ho Dat rises to the throne of Champa, becoming King Bhadravarman I; he would later build Hindu temples at My Son and Tra Kieu. At My Son, he established a god named Bhadresvara, whose name was a combination of the king's own name and that of the Hindu god of gods Shiva.[11] The worship of the original god-king under the name Bhadresvara and other names continued through the centuries that followed.[12][13]
c. 500
Zen adherents enter Vietnam from China.
c. 600
By the seventh century the Chinese governor of Tonkin, Liou Fang, was reporting that "One sees in Giao-Chau (North Vietnam) numerous eminent priests spreading Buddhism among all the people and also pilgrims flocking from all parts of Asia" (Le Thank Khoi, Le Viet-Nam, Historie et Civilization, Paris: 1955, p. 128).[9]
650
Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph of Islam, sent the first official Muslim envoy to Vietnam.
875
King Indravarman II of Champa founds a new northern dynasty at Indrapura, (near Da Nang in modern Vietnam). Indravarman was the first Cham monarch to adopt Mahayana Buddhism as an official religion. At the center of Indrapura, he constructed a Buddhist monastery (vihara) dedicated to the bodhisattva Lokesvara.
c. 925
The period in which Buddhism reigned as the principal religion of Champa came to an end in approximately 925, at which time the Dong Duong Style also began to give way to subsequent artistic styles linked with the restoration of Shaivism as the national religion.[14] Around this time, the center of Cham religion also shifted from Dong Duong back to Mỹ Sơn.[15]
c. 971
Buddhism is recognized as an official religion of the Đinh Dynasty (968-980).[16]
974
Future Emperor of the Lý D‎ynasty, Lý Thái Tổ, is born in a Buddhist pagoda in Từ Sơn, Bắc Ninh Province.
1009
The Lý D‎ynasty begins, which is partly brought about by an alliance with the Buddhist monkhood. Ly emperors patronize Mahayana Buddhism, in addition to traditional spirits.[17]
1072
In 1072, there was a temple dedicated to Confucius and his leading 72 disciples. Located in Hanoi, this temple was called the Temple of Literature.[18]
1169
Emperor Le-Anh-Ton (1138-1175) established a school for the study of the three religions, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.[9]

Post-Chinese domination: 1407-1802

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Later Lê Dynasty (Early Lê): 1428–1527

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1428
The Later Lê Dynasty begins after 20 years of domination by the Chinese Ming Dynasty; Buddhism falls out of favour, and Confucianism takes its place as a favoured state religion.

Mạc Dynasty: 1527–1592

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1533
The first Catholic missionary, "a businessman named Ignatius", arrives in what is now Nam Ðịnh province.[19]
1550
Father Gaspar da Santa Cruz, a Catholic missionary, arrives in what is now Kiên Giang province.[19]
1558
Several Catholic priests, including Luís de Fonseca and Grégoire de la Motte, evangelized in the Central region of Vietnam.[19]
1583
Catholic missionaries Diego Doropesa and Pedro Ortiz evangelized in the coastal area of Quảng Ninh province.[19]

Later Lê Dynasty (Restored Lê): 1533–1788

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c. 1600
When Vietnam divides during this period, the Nguyen rulers of the south choose to support Mahayana Buddhism as an integrative ideology for the ethnically plural society of their kingdom, which is also populated by Chams and other minorities.
1617
Portuguese missionary Francisco de Pina arrives in Vietnam.
1625
Vietnam expels missionaries.[20]
1627
Alexander de Rhodes goes to Vietnam where in three years of ministry he baptizes 6,700 converts[21]
1645
After thirty years of work in Vietnam, the Jesuits are expelled from that country
1773
Two Dominican order missionaries beheaded in Vietnam.
1787
Catholic missionary Pigneau de Béhaine petitions the French government and organizes French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands lost to the Tây Sơn.

Early Nguyễn Dynasty: 1802-1887

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1807
Đoàn Minh Huyên, progenitor of the Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương movement, is born in Sa Đéc (now Đồng Tháp) province in Vietnam's Mekong Delta region.
1802
Nguyen Anh comes to the throne of the first united Vietnam; he succeeds by quelling the Tayson rebellion in south Vietnam with help from Rama I in Bangkok, then takes over the north from the remaining Trinh. After coming to power, he creates a Confucianist orthodox state and is eager to limit the competing influence of Buddhism. He forbids adult men to attend Buddhist ceremonies.
1820
Minh Mang becomes Emperor of Vietnam, further restricting Buddhism. He insists that all monks be assigned to cloisters and carry identification documents. He also places new restrictions on printed material and begins the persecution of Catholic missionaries and converts that his successors (not without provocation) continue.
1831
Ngô Lợi, founder of the An Giang-based Buddhist sect Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa ("Four Debts of Gratitude"), is born.[22]
1849
Đoàn Minh Huyên, claiming that the Maitreya Buddha would soon appear in the That Son mountain range to rescue humankind, rises to prominence during a cholera epidemic in Southern Vietnam.[23]
1856
Đoàn Minh Huyên dies.
1857
Emperor Tự Đức executes two Spanish Catholic missionaries.
September 1858
Under the pretext of protecting Catholic missionaries, France attacks the port of Tourane (present day Da Nang), causing significant damages, and occupying the city.[24]
c. 1860
The Jewish Chronicle reports the existence of Jewish settlements in Saigon.

Western domination: 1887–1945

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19th Century: 1887–1900

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...

Early 20th Century: 1900–1939

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1911
Canadian missionary Robert A. Jaffray, a member of the Christian & Missionary Alliance, arrives in Da Nang in 1911, introducing Protestantism to Vietnam.[25]
1920
A Buddhist revival (Chan Hung Phat Giao) begins in an effort to reform and develop institutional Buddhism in Vietnam, which continues today.[26]
1924
Martha Root becomes the first Bahá'í teacher to visit Vietnam.[27]
1926
Cao Đài is established.[28]
1930
The Southern Buddhist Study Association (Hội Nam Kỳ Nghiên cứu Phật học) is founded.[19]
1932
The Annam Buddhist Study Association (An Nam Phật học Hội) is founded.[19]
1934
The Northern Buddhist Association (Hội Phật giáo Bắc Kỳ) is founded.[19]

World War II: 1939–1945

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1939
Hòa Hảo, a religious tradition based on Buddhism and the teachings of the millenarian Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương movement, is founded in An Giang Province by Huỳnh Phú Sổ.
1939
The American Jewish Committee estimates the combined population of the Jewish communities of Haiphong, Hanoi, Saigon and Tourane at approximately 1,000 individuals.[29]
1940
In early 1940, after a few weeks in retreat to compose and put on paper oracles, prayers and teachings, Hòa Hảo founder Huỳnh Phú Sổ launched a major campaign through the Mekong Delta. He recruited tens of thousands of converts to his movement, many of whom followed him around in his travels.[30]
1940
the anti-Semitic Vichy-France "Statute on Jews" was implemented in French Indo-China (Vietnam), leading to increased restrictions and widespread discrimination against Jews.[31]
January 1945
The anti-Jewish laws previously established by Vichy France are repealed.[31]
1945
With Vietnam falling into a power vacuum, Huỳnh Phú Sổ orders the creation of armed units for campaigns against the local administration, landowners and French colonial forces; Hòa Hảo is seen as less of a religious and more of a military-political movement, as people such as landowners converted in the hope that they could buy protection.[30]
September 9, 1945
A Hòa Hảo militia of 15,000 men, armed with hand-to-hand weapons, attacks the Việt Minh garrison at Cần Thơ. The Hòa Hảo are decimated; Huỳnh Phú Sổ’s brother and the brother of his commander Soái are captured and executed.[32]

Indochina Wars: 1945–1975

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First Indochina War: 1945–1954

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1946
The 1946 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam is adopted. This first Constitution contains no specific mention of policies regarding religion, except to note that one of its aims would be to "unite all people, regardless of race, sex, caste, religion," and that power belongs to the people of Vietnam, "regardless of race, sex, wealth, class, religion."[nb 2]
April 1947
Huỳnh Phú Sổ, founder of the Hòa Hảo sect, is caught and executed by southern Việt Minh forces. His body is dissected into many pieces and scattered, to prevent his followers from gathering them and turning them into an object of veneration or a shrine.[30]
1949
The Central Vietnamese Buddhist Association (Hội Tãng già Trung Việt) and the Buddhist Clergy Rectification Association of Northern Vietnam (Hội Chỉnh lý Tãng ni Bắc Việt)—later to be known as the Northern Vietnamese Buddhist Association (Hội Tãng già Bắc Việt)—are founded.[19]
1951
The Southern Vietnamese Buddhist Association (Hội Tãng già Nam Việt) is founded. A number of Buddhist organizations gather in Huế to establish the Vietnamese Confederation of Buddhist Associations (Tổng hội Phật giáo Việt Nam).[19]
February 1954
Bahá'í teacher Shirin Fozdar visits Saigon, Vietnam to establish the Bahá'í Faith in that city.[33]
1954
Most of the 1,500 Jews living throughout Indochina (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) are said to have left after the defeat of the French, leaving behind no organized Jewish communal structure.[34]
1954
Following the defeat of the French and the rise to power of Communist forces, most buildings, land and other properties owned by religious groups in the North are taken over by the State.[28]

Vietnam War: 1954–1975

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Diem Era: 1954–1963

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1954
Operation Passage to Freedom: A CIA-backed propaganda campaign begins, intended to increase Ngô Đình Diệm's power base following the 1954 Geneva Conference. Using slogans such as "Christ has gone south" and "the Virgin Mary has departed from the North", the campaign influenced around 600,000 Northern Catholics to migrate south to flee impending religious persecution under communism.[35]
September 23, 1954
Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam announces that he is reorganizing his government with participation of the Hoa Hao and Cao Dai sects.[36]
February 22nd, 1955
Representatives of the Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Dan Xa, Lien Minh and Binh Xuyen confessional forces (sects) meet at Tay Ninh and agree to form a "United Front" against Prime Minister Diem.[36]
July 13, 1956
Lê Quang Vinh (also known as Ba Cụt), a Hòa Hảo military commander, is publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ.
1957
Bahá'í marriage certificates are recognized in Vietnam.[37]
1958
Bahá'í teachers Dempsey and Adrienne Morgan come to Vietnam, and over succeeding years help to establish administrative procedures among the Local Spiritual Assemblies of Vietnam.[38]
1959
The government of South Vietnam arrests the entire Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Saigon, and expels Dempsey and Adrienne Morgan from the country.
January 1, 1960
The 1959 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam is adopted. Article 26 in Chapter 3 of this constitution states that citizens "enjoy freedom of religious belief; they may practice or not practice a religion". Article 23 also guarantees the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of "nationality, race, sex, social origin, religion, belief," among other criteria.[nb 3]
1961
Rúhíyyih Khanum, the wife of the late Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith, the Shoghi Effendi, visits Saigon, and Bahá'í teachers Dempsey and Adrienne Morgan are permitted to return.
1963
The Evangelical Church of Vietnam North (ECVN) is recognized by the government of North Vietnam.[28]

Buddhist Crisis: May–November 1963

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Main article: Buddhist Crisis
May 8, 1963
The Huế Phật Đản shootings: Nine unarmed Buddhist civilians are shot and killed by army and security forces of Ngô Đình Diệm's government, inciting the Buddhist crisis.
June 3, 1963
The Huế chemical attacks: Soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) pour liquid chemicals from tear gas grenades onto the heads of praying Buddhists in Huế.
June 11, 1963
Thích Quảng Đức, a Vietnamese Buddhist monk, burns himself to death at a busy Saigon road intersection to protest Ngô Đình Diệm's persecution of Buddhists.
August 5, 1963
A second Buddhist monk commits suicide by fire in protest against Diem’s administration.[36]
August 21, 1963
The Xa Loi Pagoda raids, a series of synchronized attacks on Buddhist pagodas in the major cities of South Vietnam, take place shortly after midnight.
November 1, 1963
President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam is deposed by a group of Army of the Republic of Vietnam officers over his handling of the Buddhist crisis.

Post-Diem Era: 1963–1975

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1964
The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Vietnam was established.[39]

Modern Vietnam: 1975–present

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Early Communist era: 1975–1986

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1975
A number of religious organizations are banned following Communist victory in the South, including the Muslim Association of Vietnam and the Baha'i Faith. Most buildings, land and other properties owned by religious groups in the South are taken over by the State.[28][40]
December 19, 1980
The 1980 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is adopted. Similar to the 1959 Constitution, Article 68 states that citizens enjoy freedom of belief, and may follow any religion or follow none; unlike the previous Constitution, however, it also states that no one may use religion to contravene the laws and policies of the State.[nb 4]
1981
The officially sanctioned Vietnam Buddhist Sangha (VBS) was established incorporating all Mahayana, Theravada, and Bhikshu Buddhism under its umbrella.[40]

Doi Moi era: 1986–2001

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1987
After a period of prohibition, the Vietnamese government relaxes restrictions on the practice of spirit mediumship rituals, known as lên đồng, and a gradual recurrence in popularity begins.[41]
April 15, 1992
The 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is adopted. Similar to previous Constitutions, Article 70 in Chapter 5 of this Constitution states that citizens shall "enjoy freedom of belief and of religion" and may "follow any religion or follow none". However, the same article contains new provisions stating that "all religions are equal before the law", and that "places of worship of all faiths and religions are protected by the law".[nb 5]
1992
Restrictions on a number of religious groups are relaxed, including the Muslim and Baha'i faiths; said groups are allowed by authorities to meet in unofficial meeting halls.[28]
1995
A small branch of Cao Dai known as Thien Tien is granted legal recognition.[28]
1997
The Tay Ninh Cao Dai branch is granted legal recognition.[28]
1999
The government-recognized Hoa Hao Administrative Committee (HHAC) was organized. Several leaders of the Hoa Hao community, including several pre-1975 leaders, openly criticized the committee as subservient to the government; dissenting groups formed two smaller churches, the Traditional Hoa Hao Church and the Pure Hoa Hao Church.[40]

21st century: 2001-present

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2001
The Southern Evangelical Church of Vietnam (SECV) is officially recognized by the Vietnamese government.[28]
25 December 2001
Amendments to the 1992 Constitution clarifies the National Assembly's power to decide "State policies on ethnic minorities and on religions".[nb 6]
2002
The Russian Orthodox parish of Our Lady of Kazan opens in Vung Tau.
2004
The 2004 Ordinance on Religion and Belief (Ordinance) serves as the primary document governing religious practice.[40]
2004
Baha'i members in Ho Chi Minh City were allowed to hold a quiet ceremony to mark the 50th anniversary of the Baha'i Faith in the country in May 2004.[28]
Spring 2005
The Hoa Hao Administrative Council was expanded and renamed the Executive Committee of Hoa Hao Buddhism.[28]
2005
The 2005 Prime Minister's "Instruction on Some Tasks Regarding Protestantism" (Instruction) calls on authorities to facilitate the requests of recognized Protestant denominations to construct churches as well as to train and appoint pastors.[40]
2005
Implementing Decree 22, also issued in 2005, provides further guidance on the Ordinance on Religion and Belief. It delineates specific procedures by which an unrecognized religious organization may register its places of worship, its clerics, and its activities and thus operate openly. It provides procedures for these groups to apply for official recognition from the government to gain additional rights.[40]
2006
Vietnam's largest mosque opens in January in Xuan Loc, Dong Nai Province.[42]
2007
The United World Mission Church (UWMC) is formally recognized.[40]
2007
The Bahá'í Faith, Tu An Hieu Nghia, and the Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhism Association are officially registered with the Vietnamese government; the Baptist and Mennonite movements are officially recognized.[43][44] At this time, Ngo Yen Thi, head of the Committee for Religious Affairs, stated: "The State policy on religion respects and ensures freedom of belief and religion for all Vietnamese citizens as stipulated in the country’s first constitution in 1946 and in revised versions".[43]
December 2009
For the first time, the president of Vietnam traveled to the Vatican and met the Pope. The Vatican called it "a significant stage in the progress of bilateral relations with Vietnam."

Notes and references

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Notes
  1. ^ "It is generally agreed that Dong Son drums were used for ceremonial purposes (e.g. Higham 1996: 133), and it could be argued that they were produced within a particular religious context, so we might talk about Dong Son religion, in the sense we talk about the Buddhist religion, as a cultural production but one which we know little about specifically." Bowdler, Sandra (2006). Bacus, Elisabeth A.; Glover, Ian; Pigott, Vincent C. (eds.). "The Hoabinhian: Early Evidence for SE Asian Trade Networks?". Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. National University of Singapore: 357.
  2. ^ "Được quốc dân giao cho trách nhiệm thảo bản Hiến pháp đầu tiên của nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hoà, Quốc hội nhận thấy rằng Hiến pháp Việt Nam phải ghi lấy những thành tích vẻ vang của Cách mạng và phải xây dựng trên những nguyên tắc dưới đây: ; Đoàn kết toàn dân, không phân biệt giống nòi, gái trai, giai cấp, tôn giáo. [...] Điều thứ 1: Nước Việt Nam là một nước Dân chủ Cộng hoà. Tất cả quyền bính trong nước là của toàn thể nhân dân Việt Nam, không phân biệt nòi giống, gái trai, giàu nghèo, giai cấp, tôn giáo." http://vnthuquan.net/truyen/truyen.aspx?tid=2qtqv3m3237n1nqnqnqn31n343tq83a3q3m3237nvn (Provisional translation using Google Translate.)
  3. ^ "ARTICLE 23. Citizens of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote, and those who have reached the age of twenty-one have the right to stand for election, whatever their nationality, race, sex, social origin, religion, belief, property status, education, occupation, or length of residence, except insane persons and persons deprived by a court or by law of the right to vote and stand for election." "ARTICLE 26. Citizens of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam enjoy freedom of religious belief; they may practice or not practice a religion." http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:JXkHA5PQCnMJ:www.worldstatesmen.org/Vietnam_North_1948.doc+1946+Constitution+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Vietnam&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us/
  4. ^ "Điều 68: Công dân có quyền tự do tín ngưỡng, theo hoặc không theo một tôn giáo nào. Không ai được lợi dụng tôn giáo để làm trái pháp luật và chính sách của Nhà nước." http://vnthuquan.net/truyen/truyen.aspx?tid=2qtqv3m3237n1nqn4n0n31n343tq83a3q3m3237nvn&cochu=&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 (in Vietnamese)
  5. ^ "Article 70: The citizen shall enjoy freedom of belief and of religion; he can follow any religion or follow none. All religions are equal before the law. The places of worship of all faiths and religions are protected by the law. No one can violate freedom of belief and of religion; nor can anyone misuse beliefs and religions to contravene the law and State policies." http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/politics/constitution/
  6. ^ "Article 84: The National Assembly has the following duties and powers: [...] 5. To decide on State policies on ethnic minorities and on religions[...]" http://www.vietnamlaws.com/freelaws/Constitution92%28aa01%29.pdf/ The original text of the 1992 Constitution, translated, reads: "To decide the nationalities policy of the State[...]" http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/politics/constitution/
References
  1. ^ Hue-Tam Ho Tai (2008-08-20). "Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits". Asia Society. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  2. ^ Nguyẽ̂n, Tài Thư (1997), p.13.
  3. ^ Nguyẽ̂n, Tài Thư (1997), p.20.
  4. ^ http://www.asiatour.com/vietnam/e-01land/ev-lan20.htm
  5. ^ U.S. Navy (1967), Chapter IV. Hinduism in Vietnam.
  6. ^ Cuong Tu Nguyen 1997 pg. 9
  7. ^ Nguyẽ̂n, Tài Thư (1997).
  8. ^ a b Nguyẽ̂n, Tài Thư (1997), p.25.
  9. ^ a b c d U.S. Navy (1967), Chapter V. Buddhism in Vietnam.
  10. ^ Nguyẽ̂n, Tài Thư (1997), p.38–40.
  11. ^ Ngô Vǎn Doanh, Champa, p.31.
  12. ^ Ngô Vǎn Doanh, Champa, p.38-39; Ngô Vǎn Doanh, Mỹ Sơn Relics, p.55ff.
  13. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC>.
  14. ^ Ngô Vǎn Doanh, Mỹ Sơn Relics, p.72ff., p.184.
  15. ^ Ngô Vǎn Doanh, Champa, p.32; Ngô Vǎn Doanh, Mỹ Sơn Relics, p.71ff.
  16. ^ Nguyẽ̂n, Tài Thư (1997), p.77.
  17. ^ Nguyẽ̂n, Tài Thư (1997), p.89.
  18. ^ U.S. Navy (1967), Chapter III. Confucianism in Vietnam.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Religion and Policies Regarding Religion in Vietnam" (Document). Government of Vietnam. 2006. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  20. ^ U.S. Navy (1967), Chapter VII. Roman Catholicism in South Vietnam.
  21. ^ Barrett, p. 27
  22. ^ "News Highlights August 10". VietNamNet Bridge. VietNamNet Bridge. 2006-08-10. Retrieved 2009-02-08. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) [dead link]
  23. ^ "A brief description of Hoa Hao buddhism". Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  24. ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc (Google Book Search). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 0313296227.
  25. ^ Niell, 293
  26. ^ Elise Anne DeVido. "Buddhism for This World: The Buddhist Revival in Vietnam, 1920 to 1951, and Its Legacy." in Philip Taylor (ed), Modernity and Re-enchantment: Religion in Post-revolutionary Vietnam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore, 2007, p. 251.
  27. ^ Hassall, Graham (January 2000). "The Bahá'í Faith in Hong Kong". Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Hong Kong. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2005-06-30). "Vietnam". International Religious Freedom Report 2005. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2010-5-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Statistics of Jews, American Jewish Committee, 1940.
  30. ^ a b c Buttinger, Joseph (1967). Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled. New York City, New York: Praeger Publishers.
  31. ^ a b Dommen,Arthur J.The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam Indiana University Press, 2001 ISBN 0253338549 Page 69
  32. ^ Fall, Bernard (1963). The Two Viet-Nams. New York City, New York: Praeger Publishers.
  33. ^ Sarwal, Anil (1989). "Shirin Fozdar: An Outstanding Pioneer". Bahá'í Digest. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  34. ^ Elazar, Daniel J. People and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of World Jewry Wayne State University Press, 1989 ISBN 0814318436 Page 472
  35. ^ Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8.
  36. ^ a b c "Vietnam Timeline: 1955". Vietnamgear.com. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  37. ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1971). Messages to the Bahá'í World, 1950-1957. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 107. ISBN 0877430365.
  38. ^ Etter-Lewis, Gwendolyn (2006). Lights of the Spirit: Historical Portraits of Black Bahá'ís in North America 1898-2000. Baha'i Publishing Trust. pp. 113–119. ISBN 1931847266. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". pp. 22, 46.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2010-11-17). "Vietnam". International Religious Freedom Report 2010. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2011-01-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Getting organized in Vietnam: moving in and around the socialist state. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003. ISBN 9812301658. Retrieved 2011-01-17. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  42. ^ "Xuan Loc district inaugurates the biggest Minster for Muslim followers", Dong Nai Radio and Television Station, 2006-01-16, retrieved 2007-03-29
  43. ^ a b "Nation's Baha'i community gets religious recognition". Viet Nam News. Vietnam News Agency. 2007-03-22. Archived from the original on 22-03-2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  44. ^ "Hanoi officially recognises Baptists and Mennonites". Asianews.it. 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
Bibliography
  • Barrett, David, ed. World Christian Encyclopedia, Oxford University Press, 1982
  • Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions. Penguin Books, 1986
  • Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
  • Ngô Vǎn Doanh (2005), Mỹ Sơn Relics, The Gioi Publishers
  • Ngô Vǎn Doanh (2006), Champa: Ancient Towers, The Gioi Publishers
  • Nguyen, Cuong Tu. Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study of the Thiền Uyển Tập Anh. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
  • Tài Thư Nguyẽ̂n (1997), History of Buddhism in Vietnam, Cultural heritage and contemporary change: South East Asia, CRVP, ISBN 1565180984
  • US Department of the Navy, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Chaplains Division (1967), The Religions of South Vietnam in Faith and Fact, US Department of the Navy{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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