User:Antidiskriminator/Drafts of articles/Legalized Chetniks
| Legalized Chetniks | |
|---|---|
| Легализовани четници | |
| Active | November—December 1941 |
| Disbanded |
|
| Country | Axis occupied Yugoslavia |
The Legalized Chetniks were units of Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland that were subjected to process of legalization with the occupation forces in Axis occupied Yugoslavia.
In the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia around 20 units of Yugoslav Army were legalized with Government of National Salvation of Milan Nedić. Trough legalization with Nedic's government Mihailovic's movement sucessfully avoided destruction in the offensive of German forces which chased away Communist forces out of Serbia.
In Montenegro some of the units of Yugoslav Army forces were legalized with the Italian governorate of Montenegro. In Dalmatia and Herzegovina the Yugoslav Army units were legalized with Italian occupation forces.
With Serbian Government of National Salvation edit
Two waves of legalization edit
The legalization of Chetnik detachments had two waves. The first wave was in period November—December 1941 when legalization with Serbian puppet government was accepted by the following Chetnik units and commanders:[1]
- Ljubić Detachment commanded by Raković
- Požega Detachment commanded by Glišić and Ignjatović
- Užice—Požega Detachment commanded by M. Korać
- Montenegrin Detachment commanded by Mladenović
- Detachments commanded by V. Pantelić, R. Stojanović, Rajković, Kalabić and many other
In the second wave of legalization which happened at the beginning of 1942 the Serbian puppet government even established new Chetnik detachements as already legalized, such as Ribnički Detachment in Valjevo region.[2]
The Chetnik detachment commanded by Major Miloš Glišić was named Sandžak Military Chetnik Detachment (legalized by the Government of National Salvation)[3] The illegal Suva Planina Chetnik Detachment under command of Mašan Đurović had 520 soldiers was legalized under the name of Ibar Chetnik Detachment which code name was C-54 and was composed of several Battalions and headquarters first in Raška and then in Jošanička Banja.[4] The number of its soldiers increased until beginning of 1942 to more than 1,200 soldiers and officers.[5] The Golija-Sjenica Chetnik Detachment under command of Leutenant Mirko Tomašević was legalized and merged into Ibar Chetnik Detachment as its 5th Battallion.[6] The Kolašin Chetnik Detachment commanded by voivode Todor Dobrić and composed of soldiers who were refugees from Ibarski Kolašin was also legalized.[7] At the end of 1941 Božidar Ćosović also legalized the Javor Chetnik Detachment under his command which was renamed to Javor Independent Chetnik Detachment with code C-37.[8] Since he disobeyed his detachment was disbanded but he kept his arms and became illegal and had numerous military conflicts with Italian and German forces and Sandžak Muslim militia.[9]
In the Spring of 1942 the seat of Chetnik organization and its activities were moved to Montenegro and Bosnia while in Serbia around 20 Chetnik detachments were legalized to serve Nedićs government.[10] Trough legalization of part of Chetnik forces with Nedic's government Mihailovic's movement successfully avoided destruction in the offensive of German forces which chased away Communist forces out of Serbia.[11] The German military and intelligence structures managed to realize about this process of legalization while Abwer included it in its analysis of situation in Serbia published in December 1941. Already on 20 December 1941 the Abwer noticed that remnants of defeated Mihailović's Chetnik groups are trying to join Pećanac Chetniks and insited that "all Mihailović's followers should be treated as rebels and in no other way".[12]
Conflict between Chetniks and Ljotićevci edit
Soon there were conflicts between illegal Chetniks and legal Chetniks and Ljotićevci. At the end of May 1942 Raković organized attack on Budimir Nikić and his associates, wounding Nikić and killing four of his companions near Čačak.[13] At the end of June 1942 another member of Ljotićevci, Dragutin Bulić, was attacked and killed at the market in Čačak.[14]
At the same time in Valjevo there was conflict between illegal Chetniks of Major Nikola Kalabić and legalized Chetniks of Captain Rajko Terzić. Since April 1942 Terzić arrested members and associates of illegal Chetniks and handed over them to Germans who either executed them or sent them to concentration camps in Germany. The illegal Chetniks soon took revenge and killed Terzić in his office.[15]
With Italian occupying forces edit
German suspicion results with capture, disarming or rearming of legalized Chetniks edit
German General Majsner was suspicious toward legalized Chetniks since he arrived in German occupied Serbia. Many of legalized Chetnik detachments actually acted as illegal Chetniks, some even annexed newly established legal Chetnik units.[16] Germans expected that Allies might organize invasion of their troops at Yugoslav Adriatic coast in the first half of 1943 and decided to disarm Chetniks, both legalized and Pećanacs.[17]
Therefore German authorities organized disarming, capturing or rearming of Chetnik units. The rearming was organized in such way that German authorites took away from some Chetnik units their arms with standard ammunition and replaced it with nonstandard arms and ammunition that could only be acquired from German authorities once it was spent. Some Chetnik units were simply disarmed and disbanded, while some Chetniks ware disarmed and taken to concentration camps in Zemun Concentration Camp or Mathauzen.[18]
The Legalized Chetniks were formally incorporated into Serbian State Guard until December 1942.[19] The last two legalized Chetnik detachments were disbanded in March 1943.[20]
Reactions edit
British in general considered "legalization" as a good ruse.[21] On his trial Mihailović emphasized that he approved legalization of some Chetnik units as best way to inflitrate Axis forces.[22] At the beginning the reports about collaborationism of the "legalized" units received criticism which was soon suppressed after anti-fascist activities of these forces against volunteers of Dimitrije Ljotić.[23]
References edit
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 121)
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 121)
- ^ (Живковић 2017, p. XXV): "... Додајмо и да се легализовани четнички одред мајора Глишића, при влади милана Недића, такође звао „Санџачки војни четнички одред“ "
- ^ (Живковић 2017, pp. 260, 371)
- ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 371)
- ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 371)
- ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 374)
- ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 374)
- ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 374)
- ^ Tokovi revolucije. Institut za istoriju radničkog pokreta Srbije. 1986. p. 294.
У пролеће 1942 седиште четничке организације и деловања пребачено је у Црну Гору и Босну. У Србији је остало око 20 легализованих четничких одреда у служби Недићеве владе.
- ^ (Dear & Foot 1995, p. 1299):"By partially 'legalizing' itself with the Nedic regime, it had managed to escape destruction in the German offensive which chased the Partisans out of Serbia"
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 122)
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 167)
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 167)
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 167)
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 192)
- ^ (Đuković 1982, p. 54):"Кад су у другој половини 1942. године разоружани четници Косте Пећанца и легализовани четници Драже Михаиловића, "
- ^ (Dimitrijević 2020, p. 193)
- ^ (Seton-Watson 1961, p. 126):"...and operated with the title of 'legal Chetniks' until December 1942, when they were formally incorporated into Nedic's own armed forces."
- ^ (Kazimirović 1995, p. 994):"Последња два легализована Михаиловићева одреда распуштена су у марту 1943. године."
- ^ (Wheeler 1980, p. 282):"As is apparent from the admiring tone of Hudson's despatch, he - and the British in general - tended to regard "legalization" as a good ruse."
- ^ (Heilbrunn 1956, p. 117):".. Mihailovitch pointed out that he approved of legalization as the best means for infiltration"
- ^ (Đuretić 1993, p. 304):"The reports about the collaborationism in Serbia were through the "legalized" units (with Nedic) received, at the beginning, with criticism, to be soon suppressed by the anti-fascist "assertion" of these forces fighting against Ljotic's volunteers."
Sources edit
- Dimitrijević, Bojan B. (2020). Vojska Nedićeve Srbije oružane snage srpske vlade 1941-1945 (3 ed.). Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-519-1811-0.
- Давидовић, Горан (2003). "Чачани на опсади Краљева октобра 1941". In Драган Драшковић (ed.). Kraljevo oktobra 1941. - zbornik radova. Радомир Ристић. Народни Музеј Краљево, Историјски Архив Краљево.
- Jončić, Koča (1985). Narodni ustanak i borbe za Kraljevo 1941. godine: zbornik radova naučnog skupa. Narodna knj. ISBN 9788633100014.
- Seton-Watson, Hugh (1961). The East European Revolution. Praeger.
- Heilbrunn, Otto (1956). The Soviet secret services. Frederick A. Praeger.
- Wheeler, Mark C. (1980). Britain and the war for Yugoslavia, 1940-1943. East European Monographs [sic]. ISBN 978-0-914710-57-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Dear, Ian; Foot, Michael Richard Daniell (1995). The Oxford companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866225-9.
- Đuretić, Veselin (1993). Demolition of Serbs in the 20th Century: Background of the Currentdram in Dismembered Yogoslavia. Great Lakes Graphics.
- Đuković, Isidor (1982). Prva šumadijska brigada. Narodna knjiga.
- Kazimirović, Vasa (1995). Srbija i Jugoslavija: 1914-1945. Prizma. ISBN 9788670840010.
- Живковић, Милутин Д. (2017). Санџак 1941–1943. Филозофски Фалултет, Универзитет у Београду.
in case sfn format is used:
- ^ Smith 2011, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information."
- ^ Smith 2011, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information."