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Talk:Utigurs

Latest comment: 8 years ago by 193.182.144.199 in topic Utigur Huns
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Utigurs-Onogurs merge?

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Latest comment: 9 years ago8 comments7 people in discussion

A heavy overlap, as well as divirgence. The Onogurs page starts "The Onogurs, also known as (Bulgar) Utigurs" . And "Utigurs" starts: "Utigur is the name used by Procopius Caesariensis and his continuators Agathias and Menander in the 5th and 6th centuries to refer to the Bulgar-Huns of Onoguria". In other words, the subjects semm to be essentially the same. Lothar Klaic (talk) 05:30, 14 March 2012 (UTC)Reply

These articles both are in great need of improvement and not merging. The Onoghurs were not also known as the Utrighurs. There were two different tribal groups that happened to both be Oghuric Turkic. --Stacey Doljack Borsody (talk) 22:18, 11 April 2012 (UTC)Reply
I think Lothar has a point. Utigurs (not utrighurs) does seem judging by the history to be nothing more than another way of saying Onogurs, at least we can say they were in the same places at the same times and did the same things being led by the same people, but until someone publishes a book on the Utigur/Onogur question I think it will not fit wiki policy to merge in case it is taken as original research.62.255.75.224 (talk) 23:27, 20 June 2012 (UTC)Reply
I think the article is basically wrong or speculative or pushing a certain POV on the subject and not a good source upon which a merge could be decided. Saragurs (Yellow Oghurs), Onogurs (Ten Oghurs), Kutrigurs (Nine Oghurs), and Utigurs (Thirty Oghurs) are listed as separate tribes in other sources. These were all supposedly Oghur Turkic speaking peoples, or what Browning refers to as "Bulgar-Huns". It would be better to consider Peter B. Golden as a source. --Stacey Doljack Borsody (talk) 05:50, 23 June 2012 (UTC)Reply

I have re-written the article clarifying the situation. Although the Onogurs/Utigurs, Kutrigurs, Bulgars and Crimean Huns could be very successfully merged into one "Crimean Bulgar-Huns" article.Kaz 10:12, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

  • Support it was the Utiguri who carried the name of the Onoguri to the Danube relocating their capital to Pannonia in 677 although they were forced west (Altsek) and south down the Danube (Kuber & Asparukh) by the Avars (allied with Kotrag's Khazars) in the 680s. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.133.161 (talk) 01:23, 30 November 2013 (UTC)Reply
  • Oppose The Utigur were just one confederation within the Hun state of Patria Onoguria. They appear with Sandilch when the Gokturks conquered the eastern Kazarigs in the 560s AD. The Utigur tribes of Asparukh and Kuber later seceded from Onoguria and were expelled into the Balkans to the south by Onoguri in 677AD. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chouvrtou (talk • contribs) 09:53, 7 December 2013 (UTC)Reply
  • Oppose The Kutigurs, Utigurs as well Onogurs are all different tribes with different etymological derivation, and all are substantially mentioned in historical records separately from each other. I am currently in the process of writing the related articles. There's no need for any merge.--Crovata (talk) 13:45, 11 May 2015 (UTC)Reply

Tribe names

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Latest comment: 12 years ago2 comments2 people in discussion

Stacy, I am really interested in the source for Kutri meaning 9 and Uti meaning 30, can you point me to some more reading on this topic? Is this an area of your special interest?Kaz 09:48, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

The meaning of the names Kutrigur and Utrigur are mentioned in Rona-Tas "Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages". It is an opinion put forth by Nemeth "in several places that the ethnic name utrighur can be traced to *utur (see Chuvash vatar, Turkic otuz), and kutrigur can be linked to the numerals tokhur 'nine' (Chuvash tahhar, Turkic tokuz), see recently Nemeth (1991, p. 132)". Also see Moravcsik (1983) for information on the tribal names of the Oghur, Ughur, Onoghur, etc. No, I am no expert in this subject, just someone who can tell when expert attention is needed. --Stacey Doljack Borsody (talk) 19:00, 4 August 2012 (UTC)Reply

Thank you for the information, I think you should put the references you provided into Etymology sections in the relevant articles.62.255.75.224 (talk) 19:07, 4 August 2012 (UTC)Reply

The Unogundur, Uturghurs/Kutrigur and Utigur/Onogur Question

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Latest comment: 12 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

Just want to put a reminder to Editors here that the Unogundur, Uturghurs/Kutrigur and Utigur/Onogur question is not a simple one. I invite anyone who has references to share them here for discussion. 62.255.75.224 (talk) 10:43, 18 August 2012 (UTC)Reply

Language

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Latest comment: 9 years ago2 comments2 people in discussion

Since Utigurs were Hunno-Bulgars this paper probably explains their language :

according to Antoaneta Granberg : " the data is insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another" - introduction, the second paragraph : https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.254.217.159 (talk) 14:46, 2 August 2015 (UTC)Reply


Probably this paper could also helps, it is about the Hunno-Bulgar language. http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pdf --DonnaCarol (talk) 13:54, 4 August 2015 (UTC)Reply

Claims for outdated, minor or fringe theories are unwarranted.

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Latest comment: 8 years ago6 comments5 people in discussion

Identification Uti - > Yuezhi is made by renowned scientists Edwin G. Pulleyblank and Yury Zuev. Putting such tags as "unreliable source" here is vandalization of the article. The work of Zuev is available on the net for free reading:

http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/29Huns/Zuev/ZuevEarly1En.htm

page 38: 

This name is repeated in the name of an Utigur queen, Akagas, in the report of the Byzantian ambassador to the Türks Valentine in 576 [Menandr, 1861, p. 418, Chavannes, 1903, p. 240]. The Utigurs of Menandr are Uti, associated with Aorses of the Pliny “Natural history" (VI, 39). The word Uti was a real proto-type of a transcription Uechji < ngiwat-tie < uti [Pulleyblank, 1966, p. 18]. In parallel, a tribe Uti existed in the east, in the valley of the river Edzinagol and lake Sihai and Salty (Sogo-nur and Gashiun-nur respectively).

page 62 :

The Utigurs of this message (J. R. Hamilton identifies this name with the name of a tribe Utiger in the Rashid ad-Din list of nine Uigur tribes) [Hamilton, 1962, p. 35, 38, 42] are mentioned by Pliny (VI, 39) as the Uti tribe, associated with Aorses. E. Pulleyblank identifies Uties as Uechji (Pin. Yuezhi) tribe [Puleyblank, 1966, p. 18]. There are parallel records about Uechji (Pin. Yuezhi)/Uti far in the east, in the basin of the Edzin-gol.

the work of Pulleyblank is published in magazine which is paid, but everyone can read it with Jitstore for free. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.152.143.113 (talk) 19:24, 5 August 2015 (UTC)Reply


Also on the article there is a year which is typo. Everyone who is truly interested in this article and the history of Utigurs will notice this first. Instead of putting such tags. You even haven't read the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.152.143.113 (talk) 19:57, 5 August 2015 (UTC)Reply

@93.152.143.113: Please read the reliable sources page about identifying reliable sources. Note that:

Articles should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy.

 And when you say that Putting such tags as "unreliable source" here is vandalization of the article, note that the {{unreliable source}} documentation says that, This tag is intended to be used when a statement is sourced but it is questionable whether the source used is reliable for supporting the statement. This is just one editors way of telling other editors that s/he thinks that one source might be unreliable. Please don't think that this is vandilisation of the article. Thank you.  Seagull123  Φ  22:29, 7 August 2015 (UTC)Reply

awesome - Edwin G. Pulleyblank told us who were the Huns!Crusador2000 (talk) 08:30, 29 November 2015 (UTC)Reply

Wikipedia talk pages are not used for useless commenting like on a blog or forum, and multiple WP:SOCK accounts are not supported.--Crovata (talk) 08:56, 29 November 2015 (UTC)Reply

now I have a better understanding of Darwin — Preceding unsigned comment added by NewZealot (talk • contribs) 22:05, 4 December 2015 (UTC)Reply

Amateour historians writings

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Latest comment: 8 years ago4 comments4 people in discussion

Please, check Wikipedia rules to identify reliable sources in history. Self-published materials written by amateours as doctors or philosophers are unreliable info 212.5.158.43 (talk) 16:58, 6 August 2015 (UTC)Reply


first claim is rejected - the guy is professor on history of philosophy and culture and he is academic scholar https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2

second author is replaced with academic scholar who works in the area -it is allowed


Some of the cited books on the article Bulgars are written by people with degree on Business administration, it is even not in the Humanities — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.254.217.159 (talk) 14:11, 7 August 2015 (UTC)Reply


Roman historians Themistius(317-390), Claudian(370-404), and later Procopius(500-560) called the Huns Massagetae.[1] The Huns were called Massagetae also by Ambrose(340-397), Ausonius(310-394), Synesius(373–414), Zacharias Rhetor(465-535), Belisarius(500-565), Evagrius Scholasticus(6th century) and others. Alexander Cunningham, B.S. Dahiya(1980, 23) and Edgar Knobloch(2001, 15) identify Massagetae with the Great Yuezhi: Da Yuezhi -> Ta-Yue-ti(Great Lunar Race) -> Ta-Gweti -> Massa-Getae. Dahiya wrote about the Massagetae and Thyssagetae : "These Guti people had two divisions, the Ta-Yue-Che and Siao-Yue-Che, exactly corresponding to the Massagetae and Thyssagetae of Herodotus ... " (Dahiya 1980, 23). Thyssagetae, who are known as the Lesser Getae, correspond with the Xiao Yuezhi, meaning Lesser Yuezhi.[2] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.254.217.110 (talk) 12:49, 30 December 2015 (UTC)Reply

Personal attacks on other editors and WP:FRINGE theories, or through them manipulate with due and undue WP:WEIGHT of major and very minor viewpoints, are not welcome on Wikipedia.--Crovata (talk) 03:40, 1 January 2016 (UTC)Reply

Not only you are VANDAL (constant deletion of numerous academic sources from many WP pages), but also you are imposing Turkic chauvinism on WP. And the worst of all - you truly believe what you are doing is all right. Probably you are simply stupid. No wonder that half of your race are still living in yurts while people will land on Mars and are on the verge to discover LED (Large Extra Dimensions)

Since May 2015 there were months to learn how to put a simple sign after comment. Would advise you (again) to read WP:RELIABLE, WP:NEUTRAL, WP:ORIGINAL, what we mean by WP:VANDAL on Wikipedia, WP:DISRUPTIVE and WP:TENDENTIOUS, and especially WP:CIVIL and WP:PERSONAL.--Crovata (talk) 09:11, 2 January 2016

References

  1. ^ "The World of the Huns", Otto Maenchen-Helfen, page 4:"But considering that Themistius, Claudian, and later Procopius called the Huns Massagetae,..."
  2. ^ SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS, Number 127 October, 2003, page 22-24, http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp127_getes.pdf

Utigur Huns

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Latest comment: 8 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

Bulgar Vund or Utigur (vh'ndur, Vanand) is the name used by historians and geographers like Moses Horenaci, Procopius Caesariensis and later by Agathias of Mirena, Menander Protector, and Theophylact Simocatta in the 6th century to refer the eastern branch of the Hunno-Bulgars who were the successors of the Hunnic empire along the coasts of the Black Sea in Patria Onoguria.[1][2][3][4][5] The late antique historians use the names of Huns, Bulgars, Kutrigurs and Utigurs as interchangeable terms,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] thus prompting some modern historians to coin the term Hunno-Bulgars.[15][16] According to Procopius, Agathias and Menander Utigurs and their relatives Kutrigurs were Huns, they were dressed in the same way and had the same language.[17][18] Utigurs, Kutrigurs and Onogurs were in all likelihood identical with the Bulgars.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Many historians consider Utigurs and Kutrigurs as successors of the Hunnic empire in the east, on the territory of modern-day Ukraine, where the Huns retreated after the death of Attila.[26][27][28] Menander Protector mentioned an Utigur leader in the latter 6th century called Sandilch.[29] Later these Bulgars of the Eurasian steppes had come under the control of the Western Turkic Kaghanate and were also known as Unogundur.[30] In the early 7th century, Khan Kubrat of the Dulo clan was "ruler of the Unogundurs" and the founder of Old Great Bulgaria.[31][32][33]

The Bulgar ancestors of the Utigurs represented the Pontic-Kuban part of the Hun Empire, and were ruled by descendants of Attila through his son Ernakh, named Irnik in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans.[34][35][36] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.182.144.199 (talk) 18:04, 11 July 2016 (UTC)Reply

References

  1. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 57: "After a period of chaos following Attila's death, dualism again reasserted itself in the succession of Dengitzik and Ernak (west and east respectively). The successor to the Hunnic Empire in the east, or rather probably the coninuation, also featured two wings, the Kutrigurs(west) and the Utigurs(east), ruled presumably by Ernak's descendants.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  2. ^ Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, Romilly James, page 45 : " The Bulgarians seem to have been in origin Huns, who may well have formed part, and survived as a rump, of the hordes of Attila in the fifth century. ... the so called Onogur Bulgarians are found in large numbers somewhere between the Kuban and the Volga rivers..." https://books.google.hr/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC&pg=PA45&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBDgoahUKEwistou42ZPJAhWGWiwKHUbUDxI#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
  3. ^ "The Empire of the Steppes", René Grousset, page 79: " Other Hun clans survived north of the Black Sea in two hordes : the Kutrigur Huns, who led a nomadic life northwest of the of Azov and the Utigur or Utrigur Huns, whose haunts were by the mouth of the Don."
  4. ^ The Cambridge Medieval History, volumes 1-5, " ... Kotrigur and Utigur Huns...", https://books.google.bg/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT582&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  5. ^ Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, John W. Barker, (1966, University of Wisconsin press) page 199: " ...Utigur Huns...", https://books.google.bg/books?id=LiJljEXvwAoC&pg=PA199&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  6. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  7. ^ Cafer Saatchi , Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach.", http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians
  8. ^ Classification of the Hunno-Bulgarian Loan-Words in Slavic, Antoaneta Granberg, Introduction : " (2) the data are insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another;" https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic
  9. ^ "SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE "BULGAR"", 2004, SANPING CHEN: " In fact contemporary European sources kept equating the Bulgars with the Huns. At the very least, the Hun-Bulgar connection was much more tangible than the Hun-Xiongnu identification. " http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sanping_Chen_SOME_REMARKS_ON_THE_CHINESE_BULGARIAN.pdf
  10. ^ "History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts. ", http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39
  11. ^ Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, " Utigurs - Hunnic tribe that lived on the east steppes of Don, related to the Bulgars", стр. 296 https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA296&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwi427LD25zHAhVEECwKHc3wDFQ#v=onepag e&q=utigurs&f=false
  12. ^ "Great Walls and Linear Barriers", Peter Spring, " In 460 the Huns split into the Onogurs, Utigurs and Kotrigurs.", стр. 199 https://books.google.hr/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgoahUKEwia2MPL75zHAhVEhywKHcRYDHg#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  13. ^ "A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, стр. 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm
  14. ^ The Huns of Justinian: Byzantium, Utigur and Kutrigur, Joseph Ricci (2013) http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/94441061/huns-justinian-byzantium-utigur-kutrigur
  15. ^ Pritsak, 1982: pages: 435, 448-449
  16. ^ История на българската държава през средните векове, Том I. История на Първото българско царство. Част I. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие, Васил Н. Златарски
  17. ^ O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, page 378 : " In one instance we are explicitly told that the Kutrigur and Utigur, called Huns by Procopius, Agathias, and Menander, were of the same stock, dressed in the same way, and had the same language. ", http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_1.html
  18. ^ "The Hunno-Bulgarian Language, 2008, Antoaneta Granberg, Göteborg University: " The Hunno-Bulgarian language was formed on the Northern and Western borders of China in the 3rd-5th c. BC. The analysis of the loan-words in Slavonic language shows the presence of direct influences of various language-families: Turkic, Mongolian, Chinese and Iranian. The Huns and Proto-Bulgarians spoke the same language, different from all other "barbarian" languages. When Turkic tribes appeared at the borders of the Chinese empire in the 6th c., the Huns and Proto-Bulgarians were no longer there. It is important to note that Turkic does contain Hunno-Bulgarian loans, but that these were received through Chinese intermediary, e.g. Hunnic ch’eng-li ‘sky, heaven’ was borrowed from Chinese as tängri in Turkic. The Hunno-Bulgarian language exhibits non-Turkic and non-Altaic features. Altaic has no initial consonant clusters, while Hunno-Bulgarian does. Unlike Turkic and Mongolian, Hunno-Bulgarian language has no initial dental or velar spirants. Unlike Turkic, it has initial voiced b-: bagatur (a title), boyla (a title). Unlike Turkic, Hunno-Bulgarian has initial n-, which is also encountered in Mongolian: Negun, Nebul (proper names). In sum, Hunno-Bulgarian language has no consistent set of features that unite it with either Turkic or Mongolian. Neither can it be related to Sino-Tibetian languages, because it obviously has no monosyllabic word structure.", http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pd
  19. ^ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, (2013, Cambridge University Press) page 141: "Utigurs, Kutrigurs and Onogurs were in all likelihood identical with the Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false​
  20. ^ The Age of Justinian, J. A. S. Evans, (1996) page 91: "... Utigur or Onogur Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jjSDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91&dq=onogur+utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2uvnJvvbKAhUBWhQKHWHOB-MQ6AEITjAJ#v=onepage&q=onogur%20utigur&f=false
  21. ^ Justinian, John Moorhead, 1994, Taylor&Francis, https://books.google.hr/books?id=aacuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT180&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2tIS7yvbKAhWKPxQKHf-bD7M4ChDoAQhPMAk#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  22. ^ Byzantium in the Seventh Century, J. F. Haldon, page 47 : "...the Onogur Huns or Bulgars...", https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C&pg=PA47&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hun&f=false
  23. ^ Early Medieval Europe, Roger Collins, (1991) page 206: "...Utigur and Kutrigur Bulgars... ", https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZukcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCDgUahUKEwjDt-3RkZbJAhUBVxoKHW-tBaQ#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  24. ^ The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume 2, Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees, Michael Whitby, pages 240,248: " Utigur Bulgars", https://books.google.bg/books?id=4aX-W6AVNv8C&pg=PA606&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCTgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  25. ^ Armies of the Dark Ages, Ian Heath, ( 1979), page 53: " The Onogurs appeared after the disintegration of the Hunnic empire,...The Onogur tribes toghether with the Kutrigur and Utigur Huns, ....Once independent they adopted the name Bulgar...", https://books.google.bg/books?id=qKdkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBDhuahUKEwj7-an4lZbJAhUBgBoKHT4fD4M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  26. ^ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgars belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact Huns. They had all been under Attila's dominion", https://books.google.bg/books?id=j83oF6YQI68C&dq=utigurs&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  27. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, https://books.google.bg/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&source=gbs_toc_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false, page 57, page 138, page 140-141, page 254 : " That the Utigurs and Kutrigurs formed the two main wings of the same steppe confederacy is proved by the foundation legend told by Procopius regarding the ethnogenesis of the two tribal groupings. He states that before the formation of both entities power in the steppe was concentrated in the hands of a single ruler ( presumably he is referring here to Ernak, son of Attila ), who then divided the power/empire between his two sons called Utigur and Kutrigur "
  28. ^ Justinian and Theodora, Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available. ", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  29. ^ Menandri Fragmenta. Excerpta de legationibus. - Ed. C. de Boor. Berolini, 1903, p. 170
  30. ^ Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971, Volume 3, page 459 : "... Utigur and Unnugari are used as common synonyms for the same tribe. Again, the Unnugari are also called Unugunduri and Unungunduri.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=m_6zAAAAIAAJ&q=utigurs&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
  31. ^ Nisephorus Patriarcha. Breviarium. Ed. C. de Boor, p. 24
  32. ^ The Early Medieval Balkans, John Van Antwerp Fine, The University of Michigan Press (2000), page 66: " Meanwhile in the Steppes and the region around the sea of Azov dwelled the Onogur Bulgars. They were seminomadic,ethnically mixed people under a Bulgar chief. According to their traditions their ruling family, known as the house of Dulo, was descended from Attila the Hun. Though the scholars have advanced many theories, the origin and meaning of the name Dulo remain obscure. In 635 the Onogur chief Kovrat led a revolt against the Avars which succeeded in driving them from his land and putting an end to Avar suzerainty over the Onogurs", https://books.google.hr/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA66&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwATgoahUKEwistou42ZPJAhWGWiwKHUbUDxI#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
  33. ^ Bulgarian Centuries, Volume 1, https://books.google.com/books?id=NeIVAQAAMAAJ&q=kubrat+dulo&dq=kubrat+dulo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGnJab6fnKAhUH6Q4KHfNIBeg4FBDoAQgcMAA
  34. ^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, стр. 415 : "Ernak has often been identified with Ирникь in the Bulgarian Princes' List." https://books.google.bg/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA415&dq=Ernak&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ernak&f=false
  35. ^ Runciman (Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS) 1930, p. 4: "Attila was proudly called cousin, if not grandfather, by them all. Of all these claims, it seems that the Bulgars’ is the best justified; the blood of the Scourge of God flows now in the valleys of the Balkans, diluted by time and the pastoral Slavs." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/
  36. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 140 :" The same is likely to have been the case among the Utigurs and Kutrigurs who under Attilid rule had even more justification for claiming the imperial mantle of the Huns of Europe.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
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