Tahyna orthobunyavirus ("TAHV") is a viral pathogen of humans classified in the California encephalitis virus (CEV) serogroup of the Orthobunyavirus family in the order Bunyavirales, which is endemic to Europe, Asia, Africa[1][2] and possibly China.[3]
| Tahyna orthobunyavirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
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| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Negarnaviricota |
| Class: | Ellioviricetes |
| Order: | Bunyavirales |
| Family: | Peribunyaviridae |
| Genus: | Orthobunyavirus |
| Species: | Tahyna orthobunyavirus
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| Synonyms | |
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TAHV is maintained in an enzootic life cycle involving several species of mosquito vectors, with hares, rabbits, hedgehogs, and rodents serving as amplifying hosts.[1]
History
editIn 1958 a virus transmitted by a mosquito was isolated in the Slovak village of Ťahyňa. The virus was unknown in Europe and was found to belong to the California group and eventually found to occur in most European countries. In human patients, infection with the Tahyna virus appears with influenza-like symptoms. In some cases, meningoencephalitis and atypical pneumonia were observed but no fatal cases have been reported. There are no significant clinical differences between Tahnya and Inkoo viruses.[4]
Signs and symptoms
editTAHV causes a non-fatal flu-like illness in humans and is sometimes called Valtice fever.[1] Human TAHV infections generally occur in summer and early fall, with symptoms of fever, headache, malaise, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and nausea. The incubation period of the virus lasts about 3 to 7 days.[4] TAHV disease can progress to involve the central nervous system, but fatalities have not been reported. Human infections are common in endemic areas, with neutralizing antibodies present in 60 to 80% of the elderly population.[1]
Diagnosis
editThe diagnosis of orthobunyaviruses is based on serology, either as a rise in IgG-antibody titers, or the presence of IgM antibodies. RT-PCR methods are under development to detect viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with encephalitis.[5]
Genetics
editGenetic analysis of three complete TAHV genomes has demonstrated a high level of conservation (99%) at the nucleotide and amino acid level, despite the fact that the viruses were collected from temporally distinct regions spanning a 10 to 26 year period. This level of genetic stability is remarkable and suggests a strong environmental pressure to maintain specific genetic compositions.[1]
Structure
editThese enveloped viruses have a three-segmented negative-strand RNA genome.[5] of approximately 13 kb in total length. The three segments are designated by their size, small (S), medium (M), and large (L) and are complexed with nucleoprotein to form three separate nucleocapsids. The 3' and 5' untranslated regions (UTR) are complementary and highly conserved. The S segment encodes two proteins: the nucleoprotein (N) and a non-structural protein (NSs) which inhibits transcription via inhibiting host cell RNA polymerase II resulting in decreased interferon (INF) induction. The M segment encodes a single polyprotein (M polyprotein) that is post-translationally processed into two surface glycoproteins (GNand GC) which are the targets of neutralizing antibodies, and a nonstructural protein, NSM. The L segment encodes a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Bennett RS, Gresko AK, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS (2011). "Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys". Virology Journal. 8: 135. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-135. PMC 3080826. PMID 21435229.
- ^ Lundström JO (1999). "Mosquito-borne viruses in western Europe: a review". Journal of Vector Ecology. 24 (1): 1–39. PMID 10436876.
- ^ Lu Z, Lu XJ, Fu SH, Zhang S, Li ZX, Yao XH, Feng YP, Lambert AJ, Ni da X, Wang FT, Tong SX, Nasci RS, Feng Y, Dong Q, Zhai YG, Gao XY, Wang HY, Tang Q, Liang GD (2009). "Tahyna virus and human infection, China". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 15 (2): 306–9. doi:10.3201/eid1502.080722. PMC 2657618. PMID 19193280.
- ^ a b Gratz, Norman (2006-11-02). Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America: Distribution, Public Health Burden, and Control. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521854474.
- ^ a b Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari; Uzcategui, Nathalie; Vapalahti, Olli; Vaheri, Antti (2005). "Viral zoonoses in Europe". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 29 (5): 1051–1077. doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012. ISSN 1574-6976. PMC 7110368. PMID 16024128.
Further reading
edit- Juřicová, Z.; Hubálek, Z.; Halouzka, J.; Šikutová, S. (2009). "Serological Examination of Songbirds (Passeriformes) for Mosquito-Borne Viruses Sindbis, Ťahyňa, and Batai in a South Moravian Wetland (Czech Republic)". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 9 (3): 295–9. doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0128. PMID 19534626.
- Hubálek, Z.; Rudolf, I.; Bakonyi, T.; Kazdová, K.; Halouzka, J.; Šebesta, O.; Šikutová, S.; Juřicová, Z.; Nowotny, N. (2010). "Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Surveillance for Arboviruses in an Area Endemic for West Nile (Lineage Rabensburg) and Ťahyňa Viruses in Central Europe". Journal of Medical Entomology. 47 (3): 466–72. doi:10.1093/jmedent/47.3.466. PMID 20496595.
- Kilian, Patrik; Růžek, Daniel; Danielová, Vlasta; Hypša, Václav; Grubhoffer, Libor (2010). "Nucleotide variability of Ťahyňa virus (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) small (S) and medium (M) genomic segments in field strains differing in biological properties". Virus Research. 149 (1): 119–23. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.005. PMID 20093153.
- Lu Z, Fu S-H, Wang F-T, Nasci RS, Tang Q, Liang G-D. Circulation of Diverse Genotypes of Tahyna Virus in Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2011;85(3):442-445. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0368.