Ranitomeya is a genus of dart poison frogs found in Panama and South America south to Peru and Brazil, possibly into Bolivia.[1]
| Ranitomeya | |
|---|---|
| |
| R. ventrimaculata | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Dendrobatidae |
| Subfamily: | Dendrobatinae |
| Genus: | Ranitomeya Bauer, 1986 |
| Diversity | |
| 16 species (see text) | |
Taxonomy
editIn 2006 Grant et al. revised the systematics of poison dart frogs and placed many species formerly classified in the genera Dendrobates, Minyobates and Phyllobates in Ranitomeya.[2] In 2011 Brown and colleagues, following other scientists who assumed the existence of two distinct clades in Ranitomeya, erected the genus Andinobates for 12 species of Ranitomeya.[3]
Ranitomeya and Andinobates frogs can be distinguished from those in genera such as Dendrobates in that they are generally smaller, have more than two colors, and seem to glitter if viewed from certain angles. Ranitomeya is widespread in the Amazon basin, whereas Andinobates species are found only in the northern Andes down to Central America.
Description
editAdults measure no more than 21 mm (0.83 in) in snout–vent length and are typically brightly colored, often with bright yellow, red, or green dorsum that can be uniform in color or with stripes or dots. Also the throat has distinctive color, usually yellow, orange or red. Dorsal skin is smooth or weakly granular. The head is narrower than the body. Fingers and toes bear discs, with those on the fingers being large.[3] Some species, such as R. Variabilis, in the genus exhibit tadpoles transport and cannibalistic behavior.[4]
Threats
editMany Ranitomeya species are threatened by habitat loss and collection for the pet trade.[5][6][7]
Species
editThere are currently 16 accepted species in the genus Ranitomeya:[1][8]
| Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
 |
Ranitomeya amazonica (Schulte, 1999) | northeastern Amazonian Peru (Loreto Region, including the type locality) and extreme southeastern Colombia (Amazonas Department), and expected in the adjacent Brazil, Venezuela; extreme southern Guyana; eastern French Guiana; the mouth of the Amazon in Brazil |
 |
Ranitomeya benedicta Brown, Twomey, Pepper, and Sanchez-Rodriguez, 2008 | |
| Ranitomeya cyanovittata Pérez-Peña, Chávez, Twomey, and Brown, 2010 | Pampas del Sacramento in southern Loreto and eastern San Martín Region, northeastern Peru | |
| Ranitomeya defleri Twomey and Brown, 2009 | southeastern Colombia | |
 |
Ranitomeya fantastica (Boulenger, 1884) | eastern Sierra del Divisor, Loreto, Peru |
| Ranitomeya flavovittata (Schulte, 1999) | northern San Martín and Loreto Regions, Peru | |
 |
Ranitomeya imitator (Schulte, 1986) | Loreto Region, Peru |
 |
Ranitomeya reticulata (Boulenger, 1884) | eastern Peru. |
 |
Ranitomeya sirensis (Aichinger, 1991) | Amazon rainforest in Peru and Ecuador. |
_(cropped).jpg) |
Ranitomeya summersi Brown, Twomey, Pepper, and Sanchez-Rodriguez, 2008 | central Huallaga River drainage and adjacent Cordillera Azul National Park in central Peru |
| Ranitomeya toraro Brown, Caldwell, Twomey, Melo-Sampaio, and Souza, 2011 | western Brazil in the states of Acre and Amazonas, and in the north of Rondônia state | |
 |
Ranitomeya uakarii (Brown, Schulte, and Summers, 2006) | southern Peru (Madre de Dios), central Peru (Pachitea drainage), western Brazil (near Porto Walter), along the upper Amazon (in Peru and Colombia), and as far west as central Guyana. |
 |
Ranitomeya vanzolinii (Myers, 1982) | Amazonian rainforests of Brazil and Peru |
_Figure_7_(cropped).png) |
Ranitomeya variabilis (Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988) | Huallaga River drainage of San Martín Region, Peru |
 |
Ranitomeya ventrimaculata (Shreve, 1935) | Brazil, southeastern Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru. |
| Ranitomeya yavaricola Pérez-Peña, Chávez, Twomey, and Brown, 2010 | Rio Yavari-Mirin, Loreto, Peru |
Dendrobates rubrocephalus Schulte, 1999 is placed here Incertae Sedis.[1]
References
edit
- ^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Ranitomeya Bauer, 1986". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ Grant, T.; Frost, D. R.; Caldwell, J. P.; Gagliardo, R.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Kok, P. J. R.; Means, D. B.; Noonan, B. P.; Schargel, W. E. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 299: 1–262. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 82263880.
- ^ a b Brown, J. L.; E. Twomey; A. Amézquita; M. B. de Souza; J. P. Caldwell; S. Lötters; R. von May; P. R. Melo-Sampaio; D. Mejía-Vargas; P. E. Pérez-Peña; M. Pepper; E. H. Poelman; M. Sanchez-Rodriguez & K. Summers (2011). "A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3083: 1–120. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3083.1.1.
- ^ Masche, Simon; Zimmermann, Helmut; Pröhl, Heike (December 2010). "Description and Ecological Observations of the Tadpole ofRanitomeya variabilis(Anura: Dendrobatidae)". South American Journal of Herpetology. 5 (3): 207–211. doi:10.2994/057.005.0306. ISSN 1808-9798.
- ^ "Red list changes highlight threats from over-exploitation". TRAFFIC. 10 November 2011.
- ^ Pepper, Mark; Brown, Jason; Twomey, Evan (15 January 2007). "Smuggling". Dendrobates.org. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- ^ Pepper, Mark; Twomey, Evan; Brown, Jason L. (Spring 2007). "The Smuggling Crisis" (PDF). Leaf Litter. 1 (1): 5–7. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- ^ "Dendrobatidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.