Race riots in Miami include a series of violent events that occurred in Miami mainly through the 1980s. After desegregation, much of the racial violence in Miami had calmed only to be reignited by the 1980s.[1] The decade of riots were the result of policing controversies and ethnic tensions fueled by the perceived threat of recent immigrants to African Americans on the Miami job market.[2]
| Race riots in Miami | |
|---|---|
| Date | 1980s |
| Location | |
| Caused by | Variety of factors including... |
Background edit
In the United States through the 1960s, desegregation was empowering once disadvantaged African American communities to reach new political and economic gains. In Miami the Cuban exile seemed to undercut new African American gains as Cubans began to compete for jobs, residence, and political power. The later perceived successes of many Cubans gave a feeling of powerlessness to local African Americans. Many Cuban refugees lacked English language skills and ended up living in lower income neighborhoods and taking up blue collar jobs that many African Americans also held. In 1963, Ebony magazine characterized the Cuban exile as an "invasion" bringing in "grave social and economic problems."[3]
By 1968, Miami witnessed a riot in its Liberty City neighborhood during the 1968 Republican National Convention, caused by the frustration African Americans faced in the country.[4] By the 1970s, the Hispanic population of Miami outnumbered the African American population and more Hispanic owned businesses had been opened than African American owned businesses.[3]
Between the 1968 Miami riot and the 1980 Miami riots, up to thirteen "mini-riots" would occur in Miami, all stemming from police confrontations with African-Americans.[5]
Riots and incidents edit
1980 Miami riots edit
The 1980 riots were race riots that occurred in Miami, starting in earnest on May 18, 1980, following the acquittal of police officers who had beaten black motorcyclist Arthur McDuffie.[6]
1982 Overtown riot edit
After the accidental police shooting of a man in an Overtown video arcade, a riot broke out in the neighborhood. Cars were burned, businesses were looted, and police were shot at. Ivey Kearson, director of the Overtown Jobs Program, said of the riot's cause "unemployment in the area is 50 percent or higher." "Most of the people here, they don't see anything happening for them and their neighbors and the guy down the street." "It's not just going to be in Miami and it's not going to just be blacks. People feel they have to react violently."[7] The policemen in the original arcade shooting were Latin American. "Leave these Latins get out of here, right now," shouted the Rev. Jonathan Rolle, in a television interview about the incident. Later, in a phone interview, he would say, "The Latin police, they just ride around in their cars, and they never get out". ". . . . The Latins are the ones who are killing the blacks."[8]
1989 Miami riot edit
The 1989 Miami riot came after police officer William Lozano shot Clement Lloyd, who was fleeing another officer on a motorcycle. He crashed and his passenger, Allan Blanchard, was also killed. Four days of rioting later took place in Overtown.[9] On January 21 after the shooting, violence erupted in Overtown and the next day in Liberty City.[10] Schools were closed and police cordoned off a 130-block area and teargassed rioting crowds.[11]
Aftermath edit
"Quiet riot" edit
After the arrest of Haitian demonstrators picketing a Cuban owned business, believed to have harassed Haitian customers, and the condemnation of Nelson Mandela's visit to Miami by many Cuban city officials, many black business organizations boycotted Miami entirely throughout the summer of 1990. This boycott was dubbed at the time as a "quiet riot". The boycott was noteworthy for its peaceful and successful tactics as compared to the recent riots.[12] In the end $50,000,000 dollars was lost due to cancelled conventions in the city and ended with various business deals in the city to help expand black owned businesses and attract black professionals.[13]
1991 Miami riot edit
After police shot a shooting suspect in Overtown, rioting broke out in majority black neighborhoods of Liberty City, Overtown, and to a lighter degree in Coconut Grove. Twenty people were arrested after rocks were thrown at a police station, a city bus, and a dumpster was set on fire.[14]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Miami Black History: 1980s to 1990s". thenewtropic.com. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
- ^ Marvin Dunn (2016). BLACK MIAMI IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PDF). University Press of Florida.
- ^ a b Raymond A Mohl (1990). "On the Edge: Blacks and Hispanics in Metropolitan Miami since 1959". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 69 (1): 37–56. JSTOR 30148998.
- ^ Mergel, Sarah Katherine (July 21, 2016), The 1968 Republican Convention, werehistory.org, retrieved November 24, 2017
- ^ Marvin Dunn (1997). The Making of Urban America. SR Books. ISBN 9780842026390.
- ^ Huffington Postt, McDuffie Riots: Eerie Scene From Miami Race Riot Of 1980, 05/29/2013.
- ^ "Overtown Violence Worst Since Liberty City". UPI. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
- ^ Cody, Edward (December 31, 1982). "Miami Racial Tensions Fester". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
- ^ Wakefield, Rebecca (June 30, 2005). "Changing Times". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
- ^ Marquez, Myriam (1989-01-27). "Miami Riots An Unexpected Slap In The Face, And Well-deserved". Sun Sentenial. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
- ^ "Police Shooting Sparks Riot in Miami". Harvard Crimson. 1989-01-18. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
- ^ "The Quiet Riot". miaminewtimes.com. 26 September 1990. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
- ^ "'QUIET RIOT' - IF IT CAN HAPPEN IN MIAMI, IT CAN HAPPEN ANYWHERE". orlandosentenial.com. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
- ^ Parker, Laura (1991-06-29). "VIOLENCE AFTER POLICE SHOOTING EXPOSES MIAMI RACIAL TENSION". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-01-02.