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Pakistan–United Kingdom relations

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Pakistan–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral ties between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Kingdom is home to a large Pakistani diaspora population.[1] Until 1956, Pakistan was nominally part of the British Empire as a post-independence federal Dominion in the aftermath of the partition of British India in 1947. After years of efforts, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office now consider most of Pakistan safe for travel.[2] Historically, Britain and Pakistan allied to prevent the incursion of communism.[3] It was a final wish of founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah for the British and Pakistani people to enjoy friendship and good relations.

Pakistan–United Kingdom relations
Map indicating locations of Pakistan and United Kingdom

Pakistan
United Kingdom
Diplomatic mission
High Commission of Pakistan, LondonBritish High Commission, Islamabad
Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gillani (R) had a phone call in 2012 to discuss resuming British Airways flights to Karachi with Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron (L)

History

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Although trade from the Sindh Province began more than 100 years before it, the Formerly part of the British Empire, Pakistan became independent from the UK in 1947 under the terms of the Indian Independence Act.[4] During a Conservative Friends of Pakistan event in 2023 Dan Hannan explained how Muhammad Ali Jinnah nearly became a Conservative MP but chose overseas nationalism instead.[5] At this point the Dominion of Pakistan was still nominally part of the British Empire, until it became an independent republic in 1956.[6]

Pakistan left the Commonwealth of Nations in 1972 in protest of the recognition of Bangladeshi independence,[7] before rejoining in 1989.[8]

In 2018, Pakistan and the United Kingdom signed the UK-Pakistan Prisoner Transfer Agreement allowing foreign prisoners in both countries to serve their sentences in home country.[9]

Pakistan still has an important but declining number of British India born citizens and residents in the country.

The UK and Pakistan are increasingly moving to become a Special Relationship.

Diplomatic ties

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The Oxford University Union has previously had three Student Presidents who were Pakistan-born.

The United Kingdom and Pakistan have High Commissioners, a position which often fulfills the role of ambassador within the Commonwealth,[10] in the other country. The current High Commissioner for the UK in Pakistan is Jane Marriott,[11] and Pakistan's High Commissioner to the UK is currently Mohammad Nafees Zakaria.[12] Despite poor relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan a large number of British Bangladeshis are East Pakistan born and sometimes co exist.

Research by Liam Barlow has found Policy Exchange receive funding from the Government of Pakistan.[13][14]

European Union

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The European Union have virtually no presence in Pakistan even though KLM were the first airline to fly to Karachi 100 years ago so London is seen as a Western bridge to that. There has been no EU based airline in Pakistan for nearly twenty years despite high demand for it.

Rehman Chishti the first Pakistani MP was against the UK being in the European Union during the 2016 referendum. EU - Pakistan relations being very underdeveloped and having no European visitors in Pakistan negatively impacts the diversity of Pro-European movements.

Economic co-operation

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Rehman Chishti was the first Pakistan-born MP he has served in the British Army.

Since 1988, there has been a tax treaty in place between the two countries designed to prevent individuals or businesses being taxed for the same income twice, and to prevent tax avoidance.[15] Pakistan is one of the UK's largest receivers of international aid money, it simultaneously does not normally see skilled people such as Teachers and Fire Brigades being paid to visit the country proving the lack of passing competency onwards from the UK to Pakistan.

 
High levels of immigration give Pakistanis a bad reputation in local and that of English media opinion

In 2012 the Prime Ministers of both countries launched a Trade and Investment Roadmap to increase trade between the countries.[16] Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan, Pakistani Interior Minister, recently stated bilateral visits between the countries would be arranged to support trade relations.[17]

A Pakistan–Britain Advisory Council was setup in 2002 to look at how the two governments could facilitate trade and commercial connections between the two countries.[18]

During a 2023 Conservative Friends of Pakistan event the UK Foreign Secretary explained how his first job in youth was working for a Karachi-born shop keeper in London.

Forbes Billionaire Mian Muhammad Mansha made first world headlines when he purchased the St James Club as one of the most expensive purchases ever.[19]

Remittances

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Pakistan receives the second highest number of workers sending money to family from the UK of any country in the world after India.[20]

Cultural relations

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Pakistani rugs are sold in high-end UK department stores.[21]

English language is commonly spoken and understood even in the villages of Pakistan. Urdu channels such as Geo News do not currently have a single English program. There is very little UK cultural production and film making happening in Pakistan, though the BBC does exist and broadcast. Until it was the capital city Karachi had a Philharmonic Orchestra, today classical music is taught and enjoyed in the old public schools such as Edwardes College Peshawar. The re-opening of Costa Coffee was in 2023 and independent cafe culture exists in all major cities. Print broadsheet newspapers such as The Financial Times are commonly available in 5 star hotels.

Religion

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Whilst the majority of British Pakistanis are Muslim there are other minority religions too and a growing Atheist population. During WW2 especially many Sepoy Soldiers died to protect and keep a UK direct air service for future generations. Imran Khan's agreed minimum UK air term was successfully reached in June 2024.

UK Airlines flying to Pakistan

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The 787 was formally rotated between Israel and Pakistan.[22]

Virgin Atlantic was the first airline to fly from Manchester to Islamabad since September 11th 2001 from 2021. The airline later removed Pakistan from their route map in 2023 because of demanding passengers and a lack of support from the Pakistan authorities.[23]

Pakistanis are taking Club Europe flights to London from the North of England and Scotland. Since 2001 a clear majority of Western service has been out of London. The UK flag-carrier is now the longest serving Western airline in 21st Century Pakistan.

Social media

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Through platforms such as YouTube there have been Social media influencers who specialise in car collection and rentals successfully promoting Pakistan and introducing it to a largely UK audience. They buy India HQ cars such as Land Rover and German makes too.

Security agreements

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There is British Architecture such as Frere Hall originally built to be Karachi Town Hall.

Both nations were part of a Cold War alliance called the Central Treaty Organization, which the UK saw as important in containing the expansion of Soviet influence in the region, while Pakistan joined partly in the hope of attracting economic benefits from the West.[24] Pakistan's intelligence agency the ISI was formed by British officers in their departure from India, the ISI maintains extensive links with UK intelligence services and operations inside the UK.[25] The British government regards the Baluchistan Liberation Army as a terrorist organization, it was proscribed in July 2006.[26] Regular meetings and discussions on national security and counter-terrorism regularly take place between the governments of the two countries.[27] Owing to their support for UK populations and local forces, settled British Pakistanis are more likely to feel that Pakistan should spend less on military and pay national debt instead. A large number of settled Pakistanis support the UK left wing including anti-war groups which propose selling all nuclear weapons.[28]

 
High Commission of Pakistan in London

Faced with US anger over its role in the Taliban's victory in Afghanistan, Pakistani military has increasingly sought British support to counter the prospect of international isolation. Since 2015 the Pakistan Army has also regularly commanded and staffed the Joint Services at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as well as the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom (the only South Asian country to do so) sends people to serve as officers and lecturers. London’s backing also enabled visit by General Qamar Javed Bajwa to Washington in 2022. Unlike the frosty relationship between Pakistan and the US, British Army sees the Pakistani forces as a necessary bulwark against jihadists in Afghanistan, and it has also pushed India to engage Pakistan on Kashmir, saying it will help marginalize jihadists.[29] The border areas of Pakistan considered unsafe for travel lack a supported presence from the British Armed Forces.[30]

An increasing number of Pakistani Engineers have achieved Long Service at companies like BAE Systems in Lancashire.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Member countries Commonwealth". The Commonwealth. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  2. ^ "Terrorism - Pakistan travel advice". GOV.UK. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  3. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (7 January 2008). "The Baghdad Pact (1955) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  4. ^ Romein, Jan (1962). The Asian Century: A History of Modern Nationalism in Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 357. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  5. ^ "Muhammad Ali Jinnah". London Remembers. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  6. ^ "After partition: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh". news.bbc.co.uk. 8 August 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  7. ^ "Profile: Commonwealth of Nations - Timeline". BBC News. BBC. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  8. ^ "Pakistan". The Commonwealth. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  9. ^ "Pakistan, UK sign prisoner transfer agreement". Dawn.
  10. ^ Lloyd, Lorna (2007). Diplomacy with a difference : the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880-2006 ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden and Boston: Nijhoff. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-90-04-15497-1. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  11. ^ "British High Commission Islamabad". gov.uk. KM Government. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  12. ^ "Nafees Zakaria assumes responsibilities as Pakistan's high commissioner to UK". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  13. ^ "POLICY EXCHANGE LIMITED - Charity 1096300". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  14. ^ https://www.manchester.ac.uk/ [bare URL]
  15. ^ "UK/Pakistan Double Taxation Convention" (PDF). gov.uk. 24 November 1986. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  16. ^ "UK-Pakistan joint statement". www.gov.uk. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  17. ^ "PM sees bright prospects for Pakistan-UK trade ties". Gulf-Times. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  18. ^ "Pakistan, UK to expand trade: Advisory group report presented". dawn.com. Dawn. 27 April 2002. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  19. ^ O'Connor, Clare. "In Pictures: Biggest Luxury Buys". Forbes. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  20. ^ "UK: Remittances outward/Inward, by country".
  21. ^ "Gooch Luxury Hand Knotted Pakistan Bokhara Handmade Rug, L244 x W155cm".
  22. ^ "British Airways to Welcome 25th Dreamliner".
  23. ^ "Virgin Atlantic to stop flights to Pakistan". 27 February 2023.
  24. ^ Kechichian, J. A. "Baghdad Pact". www.iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  25. ^ Gardham, Duncan (12 August 2011). "'Pakistani spies' in the Houses of Parliament". Telegraph. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  26. ^ "Proscribed terrorist organizations" (PDF). Home Office, United Kingdom. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  27. ^ Hague, William (27 September 2011). "Britain's relationship with Pakistan is here to stay". gov.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  28. ^ Ali, Tariq (14 October 1999). "The panic button". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  29. ^ Bagchi, Praveen Swami, Dishha (7 June 2023). "After Army chief's visit to Pakistan, UK pushing for deeper military and intelligence ties". ThePrint. Retrieved 8 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Foreign travel advice Pakistan". gov.uk. Overseas Business Risk service. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
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