Octopus australis (commonly the hammer octopus[2][3] or sometimes the southern octopus[4][5][6]) is a species of octopus.[1] It gets the common name hammer octopus from a modified arm possessed by males and used in reproduction.[7][2] It was first described by William Evans Hoyle[8] in 1885,[6] based on a specimen found in Port Jackson in New South Wales.[9]
| Octopus australis | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Octopoda |
| Family: | Octopodidae |
| Genus: | Octopus |
| Species: | O. australis
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| Binomial name | |
| Octopus australis Hoyle, 1885
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Description edit
O. australis is medium-sized,[6] with a mature mantle length of around 20 to 25 millimeters for males and 50 to 60 millimeters for females,[5] an arm span of around 40 centimeters,[4] and a maximum total length of 49.9 centimeters.[3] Males weigh around 210 grams and females around 105 grams.[10] The head of O. australis is narrow and egg-shaped and it has small eyes.[11] It is typically a sandy cream color.[7][2]
Distribution edit
O. australis is found in coastal waters and bays[5] along the eastern coast of Australia from central Queensland to southern New South Wales,[3] most commonly in subtropical inshore waters, and from depths of around 3 to 140 meters.[5] It tends to live on sand or mud seafloors,[11] among sponges, ascidians, or mollusks, or in seagrass.[10]
Diet edit
The diet of O. australis is mostly composed of isopods,[12] but they also eat other types of crustaceans, other octopuses, bristle worms, gastropods, and bivalves.[11] They usually forage at night and hide in trash, shells, or the seafloor during the day.[13]
Life cycle edit
Females lay around 50 to 130 eggs per brood,[12] each egg being about 11 millimeters long. They normally lay eggs in the summer. Eggs take over 100 days to hatch. O. australis have an estimated lifespan of 18 to 20 months.[10][12]
References edit
- ^ a b "Octopus australis". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ a b c Runck, Allison (2021-09-29). "Hammer Octopus". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ a b c Hall, Karina; Roelofs, Anthony. "Hammer Octopus 2020". Status of Australian Fish Stocks Reports. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ a b Rowling, Kevin; Hegarty, Anne-Marie; Ives, Matthew, eds. (2010). Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2008/09 (PDF). Cronulla, Australia: NSW Industry & Investment.
- ^ a b c d Wadley, Victoria; Dunning, Malcolm (1998). Cephalopods of commercial importance in Australian fisheries. Canberra, Australia: Australian Fisheries Management Authority. OCLC 680485378.
- ^ a b c "Species: Octopus australis (Southern Octopus)". Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ a b Norman, Mark; Reid, Amanda (2000-05-23). A Guide to Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses of Australasia. Clayton, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 0-643-06577-6. OCLC 1178534127.
- ^ "Octopus australis Hoyle, 1885". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ Tait, R. W. (1982). "A taxonomic revision of Octopus australis Hoyle, 1885 (Octopodidae: Cephalopoda), with a redescription of the species". Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 43 (1): 15–23. doi:10.24199/j.mmv.1982.43.02. ISSN 0083-5986.
- ^ a b c Winstanley, R. H.; Potter, M. A.; Caton, A. E. (1983-06-30). "Australian cephalopod resources". Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 44: 243–253. doi:10.24199/j.mmv.1983.44.19.
- ^ a b c Stranks, T. N.; Norman, Mark D. (1992). "Review of the Octopus australis complex from Australia and New Zealand, with description of a new species (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)". Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 53 (2): 345–373. doi:10.24199/j.mmv.1992.53.15. ISSN 0814-1827.
- ^ a b c Tzioumis, Vicky; Keable, Stephen, eds. (2007-09-01). "Description of Key Species Groups in the East Marine Region" (PDF). Australian Marine Parks. Australian Museum. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
- ^ Jereb, Patrizia; Roper, Clyde F. E.; Norman, Mark D.; Finn, Julian K., eds. (2016). Cephalopods of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cephalopod Species Known to Date (PDF). Vol. 3: Octopods and Vampire Squids. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-107989-8.
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