Canada and New Zealand have a longstanding relationship fostered by a shared history and culture. The two countries are former British Dominions and have a common head of state in King Charles III (legally, the King is equally and separately the sovereign of both nations, as King of Canada and King of New Zealand). Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Cairns Group, Commonwealth of Nations, Five Eyes, OECD and the United Nations.
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Political similarities
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Party politics in New Zealand are fought between the centre-left Labour Party, the centre-right National Party and several smaller parties. In Canada, the main players are the centre-right Conservatives, the centre to centre-left Liberals, the centre-left to left-wing New Democratic Party and the separatist Bloc Québécois. Canada and New Zealand have been compared to one another for them "living in the shadow" of their much more prominent neighbour[citation needed] (the United States and Australia, respectively).
Military alliances
editNew Zealand and Canada have fought together in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War. Both countries refused to participate in the Iraq War even though other major Anglosphere countries such as the United States, United Kingdom and Australia took part. After 2014, Canadian forces completely withdrew from Afghanistan while a small number of New Zealand forces remained there.
Cooperation between military forces
editHistorically their two armed forces have worked alongside each other in a number of international security operations. Recent defence operations include strategic actions in Timor Leste, Bosnia and Afghanistan, training exercises and staff exchanges.[citation needed]
These positive and longstanding defence links with Canada and New Zealand are enhanced by the regular purchase of new military equipment from either country; e.g. New Zealand's purchase of 105 Light Armoured vehicles (LAV IIIs) from Canada.[1]
Wars fought together
editAlliance during World War II
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As part of their ongoing participation in the British Commonwealth both countries were expected to aid Britain when it declared war on Germany. However, since the Statute of Westminster they had both won the power to declare war independently of Britain. Politically, New Zealand had been a vocal opponent of European fascism and the appeasement of those dictatorships. At the beginning of the war Canada was (for the most part) reluctant to return to war. Nonetheless, both countries entered the war as Allies: New Zealand declared war on Nazi Germany at 9.30 pm September 3, 1939 (NZT); Canada on September 10, 1939. However, the two countries' armies only occasionally fought together. Canada's main effort encompassed major campaigns in Italy[2] and Northern Europe[3] whereas the New Zealanders mainly fought in Greece, Crete and Italy.
Korean War (1950–1953)
editNew Zealand and Canada were among those states that responded to the United Nations call for help. New Zealand joined 15 other nations including Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States in the anti-communist war. The Korean War was also significant as it fastened New Zealand's military and diplomatic co-operation in supporting Canada and the United States in conflict.
The British Commonwealth Forces Korea was a joint effort between allied Commonwealth forces: namely Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[4]
Afghanistan (2001–2005)
editNew Zealand and Canada's heaviest joint military involvement in the Middle East in recent decades has been in Afghanistan following the United States-led invasion of that country after the September 11 attacks. Fifty Special Air Service of New Zealand (NZ SAS) units were dispatched and in March 2002 they took part in Operation Anaconda alongside Canadian forces against about 500 to 1,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains southeast of Zorma, Afghanistan. New Zealand has also supplied two transport aircraft and a 122-strong tri-service Provincial Reconstruction Team which has been located in Bamyan Province since 2003. Both New Zealand (NZ SAS) and Canadian (Joint Task Force 2) special forces have won the American Presidential Unit Citation for operations in Afghanistan.
"Operation Anaconda" was an operation composed of elements of the United States 10th Mountain Division, 101st Airborne Division, the US special forces groups (TF 11, TF Bowie and TF Dagger), British Royal Marines, Canada's 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the Afghan National Army, the German KSK and elements of both the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and the New Zealand Special Air Service.
This was one of the first major NZ-Canada joint operations of the War in Afghanistan and proved to be a very successful partnership between the two nations' military forces.[citation needed]
Trade and investment
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There is mass trade between Canada and New Zealand that has proven reliable to both countries making it an important and stable base for a long-lasting relationship. In 2011, bilateral trade levels totalled (CAD) $932 million. Canadian exports to New Zealand amounted to $382 million, with fertilizers, machinery, meat, books, electrical equipment and wood products being Canada's top exports. Meat and wine were New Zealand's top exports to Canada.[5]
Canada's main exports to New Zealand included aircraft, electrical equipment, machinery and fertilizers for 2006. Canada's leading imports from New Zealand include meat, dairy products, agricultural machinery and wine. New Zealand offers many opportunities for Canadian companies particularly in energy, extractive industries, telecommunications and food products.[6]
Canada was New Zealand's 12th largest export destination and 14th largest trading partner in the year ended December 2006 with exports of NZ$553 million. There are significant Canadian investments in New Zealand, particularly McCains and communications company Stratos Global Corporation. New Zealand companies in Canada include Tait Electronics, Michael Hill Jeweller, Peace Software and Glidepath.
Auckland Airport CPPIB buyout
editThere was some debate in the New Zealand Government about the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB), the Crown corporation that manages assets on behalf of the Canada Pension Plan, trying to buy a 40% stake in Auckland Airport, a strategic asset for the New Zealand government, with the Labour Party trying to block the sale by passing new laws which prevent foreign acquisitions of New Zealand "strategic assets". It was announced on April 11, 2008, that the CPPIB had given up on its bid on Auckland Airport after many attempts by the New Zealand government to restrict foreign investment in New Zealand's infrastructure. The CPPIB said it was "disappointed in the outcome of its Overseas Investment Act application"[7][8]
Air services
editThe Canada/New Zealand Air Transport Agreement was signed in 1985. Both countries' respective national airlines, Air Canada and Air New Zealand, are members of the Star Alliance. In November 2007, Air New Zealand began a non-stop service between Auckland and Vancouver which operates three times a week.
Dairy dispute
editNew Zealand and Canada have had disputes over Canada's protectionist policies towards its dairy industries, which it regarded as a breach of free trade. On 29 December 1997, New Zealand lodged a complained with the World Trade Organization, arguing that Canada's "special milk classes" scheme was inconsistent with Article XI of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) 1994, and Articles 3, 8, 9 and 10 of the Agreement on Agriculture. Following arbitration, the two countries reached a mutually agreed solution on 9 May 2003.[9]
On 12 May 2022, New Zealand initiated dispute settlement proceedings against Canada under the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) challenging Canada's CPTPP dairy tariff rate quotas (TRQs).[10][11] The two governments held consultations in June 2022 but were unable to resolve the dispute. On 7 November, New Zealand requested the establishment of an arbitration panel. Several CPTPP members including Australia, Japan, Mexico, Peru and Singapore also participated as third parties. On 9 March 2023, a panel consisting of Jennifer Hillman, Petros Mavroidis and Colleen Swords was established.[10][12]
Following submissions by the New Zealand and Canadian sides, a dispute hearing was held in Ottawa between 14 and 15 June 2023.[13][10] On 6 September 2023, the CPTPP panel ruled in favour of New Zealand, stating that Canada was not administering the dairy TRQs in a way that allowed importers to use them and that Canada's TRQ quota was favouring its domestic dairy processers. New Zealand's Trade Minister Damien O'Connor welcomed the CPTPP's ruling as a victory for New Zealand dairy exporters.[14] The Canadian Government also claimed that the arbitration panel ruled in their favour.[15] Under CPTPP rules, Canada and New Zealand reached an agreement for Canada to implement the Panel's findings by 1 May 2024.[10]
On 14 February 2024, the Dairy Companies Association of New Zealand (DCANZ) rejected new Canadian proposals to modify its dairy TRQ system, claiming it was still insufficient to allow New Zealand dairy exporters fair access to the Canadian market.[16] By 2 May 2024, Canada still had not implemented changes to its dairy tariff rate quotas. In response, New Zealand Trade Minister Todd McClay slammed Canada's refusal to comply with the CPTPP ruling as "cynical" and said that NZ would not back down on the matter.[17]
On 18 October 2024, McClay confirmed that the New Zealand Government had notified the Canadian Government that it would be triggering mandatory negotiations in order to resolve the dairy dispute between the two countries. This marks the first time that a CPTPP member has used this type of negotiation to resolve a trade dispute. Per CPTPP rules, negotiations must start within 15 days. Should they fail, New Zealand could apply tariffs on Canadian goods entering the country.[15][18] McClay said that the Canadian dairy TRQ system had caused New Zealand to lose NZ$200 million worth in exports over several years and said that escalating the dispute was a matter of honouring free trade agreements.[18] In response, the Canadian Minister of Export Promotion, International Trade and Economic Development Mary Ng and Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Lawrence MacAulay announced that the Canadian Government would defend its dairy industry and the dairy TRQ system.[19]
Film and television
editThe 1987 Agreement on "Film and Video Relations" between the two countries has been successful with film and television co-operation growing. [citation needed] Particular interest has been shown in indigenous film linkages and co-productions. There is a recent but ongoing pattern of producers' missions between Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Whale Rider won the People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2002 and nine out of the ten top-grossing centres in North America for New Zealand's Lord of the Rings were in Canada.
One of New Zealand's leading television channels TV3 was, until 2007, owned by Canadian Media Conglomerate CanWest.
New Zealand, Canada and the UKUSA Community
edit| UKUSA Community |
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New Zealand and Canada are both exclusive members of a collection of five countries who participate in the highly secretive ECHELON program. New Zealand has two (known) listening posts run by the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) as part of the ECHELON spy network. New Zealand has benefited from its role in the ECHELON communications interception network which also includes the United States, Australia, Britain and Canada and are known as the UKUSA Community. The partnership gives "a direct line into the inner circles of power in London and Washington".[20] New Zealand's role in the program is based at a listening post on the South Island of New Zealand at Waihopai Valley just south-west of Blenheim. Its primary role is the interception of a large volume of satellite phone calls, telexes, faxes, e-mail and computer data communications.[21] It gathers this data from New Zealand's Asia/Pacific neighbours and forwards it on to the major partners in the UKUSA Agreement.[22][23]
The Waihopai station is a sister operation to a similar facility run at Tangimoana.[24]
UKUSA military exercises
editThe UKUSA community allows member countries to cooperate in multilateral military exercises which have more recently focused on terrorism after 9/11. On March 10, 2008 (NZT) New Zealand, Canada, Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom took part in a multinational war game that simulated a terrorist attack on "strategic networks" such as power grids, financial centres and telecommunications focussing mainly on cyber-terrorism. The exercise was named Cyber Storm 2 and was co-ordinated by the United States Department of Homeland Security and the New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau.[25] It will be used to identify policies & issues that affect cyber response & recovery by government agencies.[26]
After the exercise the NZ 'CCIP' (Centre for Critical Infrastructure Protection) said in a statement: "The New Zealand component of the exercise was successful in testing information sharing and response coordination across both public and private sectors and national and international cooperation,"
A report on the overall results will be published ahead of Cyber Storm III which is scheduled for 2010.[27]
Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group
editThe Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group' is a new initiative by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and headed by the United States as a "formal partnership between these nations dedicated to tackling larger global crime issues, particularly organized crime". The co–operation consists of "five countries from three continents banding together to fight cyber crime in a synergistic way by sharing intelligence, swapping tools and best practices, and strengthening and even synchronizing their respective laws." This means that there will be increased information sharing between the New Zealand Police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) on matters relating to serious fraud or cyber crime.[28]
- Participants in Cybererstorm II, the SAICCG and ECHELON
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International Participant organizationsUS State ParticipantsUS Private Sector ParticipantsUS Federal Participants -
Map showing the Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group member countries and lead agencies -
The Waihopai Valley Facility – Base of the New Zealand branch of the ECHELON Program.
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High level visits
editNew Zealand visits by Canadian delegates and ministers
edit| Dates | Minister/Delegate | Cities visited | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| November 2014 | Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Laureen Harper | Auckland | Invited by Prime Minister John Key |
| June 2014 | President of the Treasury Board, Tony Clement, | Auckland, Wellington | Prime Minister's Fellow |
| February 2014 | Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, | Auckland, Wellington | Official Visit |
| May 2012 | Minister of International Trade, Ed Fast | Wellington | TPP Negotiations with Tim Groser |
| July/August 2005 | Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, Peter Milliken | Wellington | Led a multi-party parliamentary delegation to New Zealand |
| Mid-January 2005 | Canadian Minister of National Revenue, John McCallum | ||
| March 2004 | Minister of State (Research, Science and Technology), Joseph Fontana | APEC Science Ministers' Meeting. | |
| August 2003 | Minister of State for Asia Pacific, David Kilgour | Pacific Islands Forum Post Forum Dialogue | |
| 2002 | Minister of State for Asia Pacific, David Kilgour | Wellington | Official visit |
Canadian visits by New Zealand delegates and ministers
edit| Dates | Minister/Delegate | Cities visited | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early November 2007 | Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand), Phil Goff | Vancouver | Led a trade mission to Canada on board the inaugural Air New Zealand Auckland -Vancouver flight |
| September 2007 | Minister of Revenue, Peter Dunne | Ottawa | Met with three Canadian Ministers |
| April 2007 | Chris Carter, Minister for Housing and Ethnic Affairs and Parekura Horomia, Minister of Māori Affairs | ||
| June 2006 | Minister for Social Development (New Zealand), David Benson-Pope | Toronto, Vancouver | |
| June 2005 | Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand), Phil Goff | Ottawa | Official Visit |
| April 2005 | Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, Margaret Wilson | Ottawa, Toronto | High level visits to Canada to lead a parliamentary delegation to Ottawa and Toronto |
| February 2005 | Member of the Labour Party, Ruth Dyson | Ottawa | Official Visit |
| January 2004 | Member of the New Zealand's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, Jonathan Hunt | Montebello, Quebec | Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference |
| January 2003 | Minister for Trade Negotiations, Jim Sutton | Ottawa | Official visit |
| 2002 | Minister of Immigration and of Commerce Lianne Dalziel | Ottawa | Official visit |
| September 2002 | Minister for Trade Negotiations | Ottawa | Official visit |
| June 2002 | Minister for Science Research and Technology, Pete Hodgson | Official visit | |
| May 2002 | Minister of Social Services and Employment, Steve Maharey | Official visit |
Tourism
editIn the year ending December 2013, 48,192 Canadian tourists visited New Zealand, making Canada the eighth largest source of tourists.[29] Canadians can visit New Zealand without a visa for up to three months and New Zealanders can visit Canada without a visa for up to six months, provided they meet financial, health and character requirements.
Both Canada and New Zealand offer "Working Holiday Schemes". These schemes allow young students to travel to New Zealand or Canada and to take temporary employment as needed to cover the expenses of their visit. Canadian participants receive the same treatment as New Zealand nationals in all matters concerning the application of laws, regulations and practices regarding health and working conditions. On November 14, 2014 Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Prime Minister John Key agreed to extend the Working Holiday Scheme from 12 months to 23 months. This new visa came into effect on April 1, 2015. This is the most generous working holiday scheme New Zealand has with any other country, including the United Kingdom.[30]
In the 2010s, there has been growing support for the idea of freedom of movement between the UK, Canada and Australia, New Zealand with citizens able to live and work in any of the four countries – similar to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement between Australia and New Zealand.[31][32]
Resident diplomatic missions
edit- Canada has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate in Auckland.[33]
- New Zealand has a high commission in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Vancouver.[34]
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Building hosting the Canadian consulate in Auckland -
Building hosting the New Zealand high commission in Ottawa
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Canada – Country Information Paper – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- ^ Canadian War Museum "The Italian Campaign" Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on: August 5, 2007.
- ^ Canadian War Museum "Liberating Northwest Europe" Archived 2008-02-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on: August 5, 2007.
- ^ The Commonwealth Division – NZ in the Korean War | NZHistory
- ^ "Canada-New Zealand relations". 2014-07-14. Archived from the original on 2013-06-04.
- ^ "Canada-New Zealand Commercial Data". Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ "National accuses Govt of 'populist' airport move". The New Zealand Herald. March 5, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ CPP Investment Board – Statement from CPP Investment Board following Government’s decision on Overseas Investment Act application
- ^ "DS113: Canada — Measures Affecting Dairy Exports". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Disputes with New Zealand as a Principal Complainant". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ "Request for the establishment of a panel by New Zealand". Canada.ca. Government of Canada. 7 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ "Opportunity for non-governmental entities to submit requests to provide written views in the Canada – Dairy Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) Allocation Measures dispute". Canada.ca. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ "Canada – Dairy Tariff-Rate Quota (TRQ) Allocation Measures: Timetable of the Dispute under CPTPP Chapter 28". Canada.ca. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ O'Connor, Damien (6 September 2023). "New Zealand wins CPTPP dispute against Canada Trade and Export Growth". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024.
- ^ a b "New Zealand escalates dairy trade dispute with Canada". Reuters. 18 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "DCANZ rejects Canadian CPTPP quota 'fixes'". Dairy Companies Association of New Zealand. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ "Legal advice sought over Canadian backflip on dairy trade". Inside Government. JSL Media. 2 May 2024. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ a b Coughlan, Thomas (18 October 2024). "New Zealand forces Canada to negotiate in $200m dairy dispute over CPTPP". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Minister Ng and Minister MacAulay statement on Canada's CPTPP dairy tariff rate quota dispute with New Zealand". Global Affairs Canada. 19 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Row erupts over NZ's place in US spy network". The New Zealand Herald. January 31, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ Information Assurance (IA) | Our Work | GCSB
- ^ "AUSCANZUKUS Information Portal". auscannzukus.org. Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ "Echelon: Exposing the Global Surveillance System". Archived from the original on 2008-03-22. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Organisation | About Us | GCSB Archived 2013-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ TV3 > News > Science/Technology News > Story > NZ taking part in cyber terrorist exorcise
- ^ "Cyber Storm I | CISA".
- ^ Griffin, Peter (March 22, 2008). "Geeks get personal in standards stoush". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ FBI – Cyber Working Group – Press Room – Headline Archives 03-18-08 Archived October 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "International Visitor Arrivals to New Zealand: December 2013". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ^ Harper, Stephen. "Prime Minister". Prime Minister Office. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
- ^ "Australians and New Zealanders should be free to live and work in UK, report says". theguardian.com. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "Commonwealth Freedom of Movement Organisation". CFMO. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Canadian high commission in Wellington
- ^ New Zealand high commission in Ottawa
External links
edit- New Zealand High Commission in Canada Archived 2010-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Official Site
- New Zealand Government Official Site
- High Commission in New Zealand – Official Site
- Canadian Government – Official Site