This is a list of letters of the Greek alphabet. The definition of a Greek letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode standard that a has script property of "Greek" and the general category of "Letter". An overview of the distribution of Greek letters is given in Greek script in Unicode.

Letters contained in the Modern Greek Alphabet

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Greek Alphabet
Αα Ββ Γγ Δδ Εε Ζζ Ηη Θθ Ιι Κκ Λλ Μμ Νν Ξξ Οο Ππ Ρρ Σσς Ττ Υυ Φφ Χχ Ψψ Ωω

Extensions

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Letter Name Notes
Ͱͱ Heta Archaic letter for voiceless glottal fricative[1]
Ͳͳ Archaic Sampi Archaic sibilant letter[2]
Ϝϝ Digamma Archaic letter for /w/
Ͷͷ Tsan Pamphylian letter for /w/; alleged sibilant in Arcado-Cypriot[2]
Ϻϻ San Archaic letter for /s/[3]
Ϸϸ Sho Bactrian letter for /ʃ/[4]
Ϙϙ Archaic Koppa Letter for /k/ before Ο, Υ, and Ω
Ϛϛ Stigma Archaic ligature for στ, retained in iconography[5]
Ϳϳ Yot Greek linguistics,[6] Arvanitika letter for /j/[7]
Ϗϗ Kai Ligature abbreviating the word kai[8]

Letters with diacritics

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Letter Name Notes
Άά Alpha with acute High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὰὰ Alpha with grave Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Alpha with circumflex Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ἀἀ Alpha with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἄἄ Alpha with acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἂἂ Alpha with grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἆἆ Alpha with circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ἁἁ Alpha with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἅἅ Alpha with acute and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἃἃ Alpha with grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἇἇ Alpha with circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ᾱᾱ Alpha with macron Archaic letter denoting a long vowel
Ᾰᾰ Alpha with breve Archaic letter denoting a short vowel
ᾼᾳ Alpha with subscript iota Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong
Alpha with subscript iota and acute Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch
Alpha with subscript iota and grave Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch
Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch
ᾈᾀ Alpha with subscript iota and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾌᾄ Alpha with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾊᾂ Alpha with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾎᾆ Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
ᾉᾁ Alpha with subscript iota and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾍᾅ Alpha with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾋᾃ Alpha with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾏᾇ Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Έέ Epsilon with acute High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὲὲ Epsilon with grave Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Ἐἐ Epsilon with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἔἔ Epsilon with acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἒἒ Epsilon with grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἑἑ Epsilon with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἕἕ Epsilon with acute and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἓἓ Epsilon with grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ε̠ε̠ Epsilon with macron below Arvanitika letter for /ə/[7]
Ζ̌ζ̌ Zeta with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /ʒ/
Ζ̇ ζ̇ Zeta with dot above Arvanitika letter for /ʒ/[7]
Ήή Eta with acute High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὴὴ Eta with grave Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Eta with circumflex Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ἠἠ Eta with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἤἤ Eta with acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἢἢ Eta with grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἦἦ Eta with circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ἡἡ Eta with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἥἥ Eta with acute and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἣἣ Eta with grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἧἧ Eta with circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
ῌῃ Eta with subscript iota Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong
Eta with subscript iota and acute Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch
Eta with subscript iota and grave Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch
Eta with subscript iota and circumflex Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch
ᾘᾐ Eta with subscript iota and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾜᾔ Eta with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾚᾒ Eta with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾞᾖ Eta with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
ᾙᾑ Eta with subscript iota and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾝᾕ Eta with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾛᾓ Eta with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾟᾗ Eta with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Ίί Iota with acute High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὶὶ Iota with grave Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Iota with circumflex Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ἰἰ Iota with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἴἴ Iota with acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἲἲ Iota with grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἶἶ Iota with circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ἱἱ Iota with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἵἵ Iota with acute and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἳἳ Alpha with grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἷἷ Iota with circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ϊϊ Iota with diaeresis Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong
ΐ Iota with diaeresis and acute Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a rising pitch
Iota with diaeresis and grave Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
Iota with diaeresis and circumflex Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Ῑῑ Iota with macron Archaic letter denoting a long vowel
Ῐῐ Iota with breve Archaic letter denoting a short vowel
Κ̌κ̌ Kappa with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /c/ and /t͡ʃ/[9]
K̇κ̇ Kappa with dot above Arvanitika letter for /c/[7]
Λ̌λ̌ Lambda with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /ʎ/[9]
Λ̇λ̇ Lambda with dot above Arvanitika letter for /ʎ/[7]
Ν̌ν̌ Nu with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /ɲ/[9]
Ν̇ν̇ Nu with dot above Arvanitika letter for /ɲ/[7]
Ξ̌ξ̌ Xi with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /kʃ/
Όό Omicron with acute High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὸὸ Omicron with grave Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Ὀὀ Omicron with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὄὄ Omicron with acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὂὂ Omicron with grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὁὁ Omicron with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὅὅ Omicron with acute and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὃὃ Omicron with grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Π̌π̌ Pi with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /pʲ/[9]
Rho with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting /r/,[11]
Ῥῥ Rho with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting /r̥/[11]
Ṗρ̇ Rho with dot above Arvanitika letter for /r/[7]
Σ̌σ̌ς̌ Sigma with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /ʃ/
Σ̈σ̈ Sigma with diaeresis Arvanitika letter for /ʃ/[7]
Τ̌τ̌ Tau with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /c/[9]
Ύύ Upsilon with acute High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὺὺ Upsilon with grave Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Upsilon with circumflex Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Upsilon with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Upsilon with acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Upsilon with grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Upsilon with circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ὑὑ Upsilon with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὕὕ Upsilon with acute and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὓὓ Upsilon with grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὗὗ Upsilon with circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ϋϋ Upsilon with diaeresis Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong
ΰ Upsilon with diaeresis and acute Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a rising pitch
Upsilon with diaeresis and grave Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
Upsilon with diaeresis and circumflex Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Ῡῡ Upsilon with macron Archaic letter denoting a long vowel
Ῠῠ Upsilon with breve Archaic letter denoting a short vowel
Χ̇χ̇ Chi with dot above Arvanitika letter for /xʲ/[7]
Ψ̌ψ̌ Psi with caron Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /pʃ/
Ώώ Omega with acute High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὼὼ Omega with grave Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Omega with circumflex Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ὠὠ Omega with smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὤὤ Omega with acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὢὢ Omega with grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὦὦ Omega with circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ὡὡ Omega with rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὥὥ Omega with acute and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὣὣ Omega with grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὧὧ Omega with circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
ῼῳ Omega with subscript iota Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong
Omega with subscript iota and acute Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch
Omega with subscript iota and grave Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch
Omega with subscript iota and circumflex Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch
ᾨᾠ Omega with subscript iota and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾬᾤ Omega with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾪᾢ Omega with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾮᾦ Omega with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
ᾩᾡ Omega with subscript iota and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾭᾥ Omega with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾫᾣ Omega with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾯᾧ Omega with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch

Other characters

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Other Greek characters are omitted from the tables above:

  • Subscript modifier letters β, γ, ρ, φ, and χ: ᵦ ᵧ ᵨ ᵩ ᵪ
  • Superscript modifier letters β, γ, δ, φ, and χ: ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ
  • Small capitals Γ, Λ, Π, Ρ, Ψ, and Ω: ᴦ ᴧ ᴨ ᴩ ᴪ ꭥ
  • Glyph variants for β, ε, Θ, θ, κ, ρ, Σ, σ/ς, π, Υ, Ύ, Ϋ, φ: ϐ ϵ ϴ ϑ ϰ ϱ Ϲ ϲ ϖ ϒ ϓ ϔ ϕ[12]
  • OU ligature which is used in Greek but encoded as a Latin letter: Ȣȣ[5]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Nicholas, Nick (2005-01-01). "Proposal to add Greek Letter Lowercase Heta and Greek Letter Capital Heta to the UCS" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b Nicholas, Nick (2005-01-01). "Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Proposal to encode the Greek Capital Letter San and Greek Small Letter San in the UCS" (PDF). 2002-11-07.
  4. ^ Everson, Michael (2002-01-30). "Proposal to add two Greek letters for Bactrian to the UCS" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b Nicholas, Nick (2005-05-23). "Other Ligatures".
  6. ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Arvanitic language". Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  8. ^ Nicholas, Nick (2005-04-09). "Ligatures".
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Themistocleous, Charalambos; Katsoyannou, Marianna; Armosti, Spyros; Christodoulou, Kyriaki. "Cypriot Greek Lexicography: A Reverse Dictionary of Cypriot Greek" (PDF).
  10. ^ a b c d "Pontic Greek language". Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  11. ^ a b Nicholas, Nick (2003-05-26). "Greek & Greek Extended".
  12. ^ Thompson, Edward M. (1911). An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 186–194.

See also

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