Hackney Phalanx was a group of high-church Tory[1] defenders of Anglican orthodoxy[2] prominent for around 25 years from c. 1805. They consisted of both clergy and laymen, and filled many of the higher posts of the Church of England of the time. The Phalanx, also called the Clapton sect by analogy with the evangelicals of the Clapham sect,[3] were active reformers within their common theological beliefs, and controlled the British Critic. One of the Phalanx leaders, Henry Handley Norris, was particularly influential in the church appointments made by the Earl of Liverpool.[4] A. B. Webster characterized the group as:
a body of friends (and to some extent of relations) sharing a common theological and political outlook, forming a compact group with an agreed attitude to most of the religious and political measures of the day. We might have described it as a "pressure group" if this did not exaggerate the self-consciousness of the Phalanx. They remained to the end a body of friends, rather than an ecclesiastical or a religious party.[5]
The Hackney core
editThe core group of the Hackney Phalanx, which suggested the geographical association with Hackney borough then east of the London conurbation, consisted of Henry Handley Norris, the layman Joshua Watson, and his clerical brother John Watson. They were active in the field of education, aiming to counter the schools set up on the scheme of Joseph Lancaster. Joshua Watson and Norris purchased the British Critic in 1811. They also influenced the founding in 1818 of the Christian Remembrancer, another high-church journal.[6] Norris took on Robert Aspland and William Dealtry in the early controversy over the British and Foreign Bible Society, and projected a separate Bible society for Hackney.[7]
The context of Hackney in the first two decades of the 19th century was of an area that as a suburb of London had wealthy families, but also an active nonconformist intellectual and religious life, particularly Unitarians. The Hackney New College and Homerton College contested the ground with the orthodox Anglicans. The Phalanx, among their other activities, built new Anglican churches. Theologically they looked backwards to William Jones of Nayland.[8]
Associations
editThe associates of the Phalanx were a much broader group. They included a generation of chaplains to Charles Manners-Sutton, who was a significant patron: Christopher Wordsworth, George D'Oyly, and John Lonsdale, with the high churchmen George Cambridge, Charles Lloyd, and Richard Mant.[9] Francis Warre-Cornish names as sympathisers John Bowles, churchmen in addition to Cambridge and Wordsworth, and the judges John Taylor Coleridge, John Patteson, John Richardson, and Nicholas Conyngham Tindal.[10]
There was a significant overlap with the early membership of the Club of Nobody's Friends, a dining club founded in 1801 by William Stevens.[11]
See also
edit
References
editFootnotes
edit- ^ Gibson 1994, p. 58; Smith 2007.
- ^ Nockles 1994, p. 271.
- ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 730.
- ^ Nockles 1994, pp. 271–272.
- ^ Webster, A. B. (1954). Joshua Watson: The Story of a Layman, 1771–1855. p. 18. Cited in Smith 2007.
- ^ Nockles 2007b.
- ^ Nockles 2007a.
- ^ Corsi 1988, pp. 11–13.
- ^ Gregory 2000, p. 33; Nockles 1994, p. 16.
- ^ Cornish 1910, p. 72.
- ^ Lee & Hinings 2008.
Bibliography
edit- Cornish, Francis Warre (1910). The English Church in the Nineteenth Century: Part I. The History of the English Church. Vol. 8. London: Macmillan and Co. ISBN 978-0-7905-7034-1. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
- Corsi, Pietro (1988). Science and Religion: Baden Powell and the Anglican Debate, 1800–1860. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24245-5.
- Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (rev. 3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
- Gibson, William (1994). Church, State and Society, 1760–1850. New York: St. Martin's Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23204-8. ISBN 978-0-333-58757-7.
- Gregory, Jeremy (2000). Restoration, Reformation and Reform, 1660–1828: Archbishops of Canterbury and Their Diocese. Oxford: Clarendon Press (published 2002). ISBN 978-0-19-820830-3.
- Lee, Sidney; Hinings, Jessica (2008) [2004]. "Bowdler, John (1783–1815)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3030.
- Nockles, Peter B. (1994). The Oxford Movement in Context: Anglican High Churchmanship, 1760–1857. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press (published 1997). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511520570. ISBN 978-0-521-58719-8.
- ——— (2007a) [2004]. "Norris, Henry Handley (1771–1850)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20274.
- ——— (2007b) [2004]. "Watson, Joshua (1771–1855)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28851.
- Smith, Mark (2007). "Hackney Phalanx (act. 1800–1830)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52465.