Gottschalk of Aachen (fl. 1071–1104) was a German monk, notary, poet and composer. A supporter of King Henry IV during the Investiture Contest, his writings laid the theoretical foundation for state's anti-papal propaganda.[1]
Chancery service
editGottschalk may have been born as early as the 1010s.[2] He was from Northern Germany.[3] In his own writings in Latin, he spells his name Godescalcus.[2] He worked in the chancery of Henry IV from December 1071 to February 1104. He drew up eighty of Henry's surviving diplomas and wrote at least nine of his letters.[4] He was present at the siege of Rome in 1083, when the Leonine City was captured, for he drew up a charter for the archdiocese of Bremen from within the city.[5]
Gottschalk was the primary author of two letters from 1076 disputing Pope Gregory VII's claims against Henry. The first of these, drafted at Utrecht following the Synod of Worms, addressed Gregory VII by his baptismal name, Hildebrand, but was never sent. The second summoned the bishops of the kingdom to a diet to be held at Worms on 15 May. In support of Henry, Gottschalk argues that the king can be judged by God alone and deposed only for heresy, citing Pope Gelasius I's Famuli vestrae pietatis and the Bible, specifically Romans 13:2 ("the powers that be are ordained by God"); 1 Peter 2:17 ("fear God, honour the king"); and Luke 22:38 ("here are two swords").[6]
Gottschalk political ideas also come through in some of the charters he drew up, as in the diploma of 30 October 1077 depriving Ekbert II of Meissen of the county of Stavoren, where he writes that he "who strove to deprive us of the whole kingdom, shall have no part in the kingdom".[7] His political ideas can also be found in one of his musical works, Celi enarrant.[8]
Religious service
editAt least 24 sequences have been attributed to Gottschalk as a hymnist. The five most securely attributed are Celi enarrant (on the Division of the Apostles); Laus tibi, Christe (for Mary Magdalene); A solis ortu et occasu (on the Cross); Fecunde verbo (for the Virgin Mary); and Exsulta exaltata (for the Virgin Mary). Seven have original melodies. The rest have borrowed or reused melodies.[8] He is the most prolific composer of the "old school" of sequences after Notker Balbulus and one of the latest.[9]
Six opuscula (treatises) are also attributed to Gottschalk. In two of these, he defends the sequences Fecunda verbo and Exsulta exaltata and his theology against criticism. He names his music teacher as Heinricus, composer of Omnis lapis pretiosus.[8] According to the Anonymous of Melk, Gottschalk wrote a book a sermons.[2] One of his more unorthodox theological positions was a denial of the Assumption of Mary.[3]
By 1087, Gottschalk was the provost of the church of Saint Servatius in Maastricth.[8] By 1098, he was the provost of the collegiate church of Saint Mary in Aachen.[4][8] A document of 1099 names him as chaplain.[3] He later retired as a monk to Klingenmünster Abbey.[4][8] At Klingenmünster, he composed a liturgical office, which has since been lost, and two opuscula on Saints Abundius and Irenaeus, the patron saints of nearby Limburg Abbey.[8] This misled the scholar Guido Maria Dreves to believe the he was a monk at Limburg.[3][8]
According to a 13th-century necrology from Aachen, Gottschalk died on 24 November, but the year is unknown.[3][8]
Notes
edit- ^ McGrade 2010: "His vision of the relationship between the pope and the German emperor became the conceptual basis of imperial propaganda". Robinson 1999, p. 11: he "was the first royal supporter to formulate a theoretical defence of Henry IV's kingship. The arguments presented in his polemics of 1076 continued to influence 'state propaganda' for the rest of the century."
- ^ a b c Dressler 2003.
- ^ a b c d e Brunhölzl 1964.
- ^ a b c Robinson 1999, p. 11.
- ^ Robinson 1999, p. 224.
- ^ Robinson 1999, p. 150.
- ^ Robinson 1999, p. 175.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gushee & McGrade 2001.
- ^ Brunhölzl 1964: " älteren Schule". Gushee & McGrade 2001, on the other hand, call him "transitional".
Works cited
edit- Brunhölzl, Franz (1964), "Gottschalk (Godescalcus) von Aachen (fälschlich: von Limburg)", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 6, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 684–685; (full text online)
- Dressler, Hermigild (2003). "Gottschalk of Limburg". The New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). The Catholic University of America Press. p. 370–371.
- Gushee, Lawrence; McGrade, Michael (2001). "Gottschalk of Aachen". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.
- McGrade, Michael (1996). "Gottschalk of Aachen, the Investiture Controversy, and Music for the Feast of the Divisio apostolorum". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 49 (3): 351–408. doi:10.2307/831768.
- McGrade, Michael (2010). "Gottschalk of Aachen". In Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Robinson, I. S. (1999). Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106. Cambridge University Press.
Further reading
edit- Dreves, Guido Maria (1897). Godescalcus Lintpurgensis, Gottschalk, mönch vom Limburg an der Hardt und Propst von Aachen ein Prosator des XI. Jahrhunderts: Fünf ungedruckte Opuscula, mit historischer Einleitung und einem Anhange von Sequenzen. O. R. Reisland.
- Erdmann, Carl; von Gladiß, Dietrich (1939). "Gottschalk von Aachen im Dienste Heinrichs IV". Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalter. 3: 115–174.