Cycling at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's sprint
The men's sprint was a cycling event held at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico, held on 18 to 19 October 1968. There were 47 participants from 28 nations.[1] Each nation was limited to two cyclists. The event was won by Daniel Morelon of France, his second consecutive medal and first gold; it was also France's world-leading sixth victory in the men's sprint. His countryman Pierre Trentin, who had lost the bronze medal match to Morelon four years earlier, this year won it against Omar Pkhakadze of the Soviet Union. Between the French cyclists was silver medalist Giordano Turrini of Italy, extending that nation's streak of top-two results in the event to six Games.
Men's sprint at the Games of the XIX Olympiad | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Venue | Olympic Velodrome, Mexico City | |||||||||
Dates | 18–19 October 1968 | |||||||||
Competitors | 47 from 28 nations | |||||||||
Medalists | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
Background edit
This was the 14th appearance of the event, which has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1904 and 1912. The only two quarterfinalists from 1964 to return were the French cyclists: Pierre Trentin and Daniel Morelon. Trentin had been favored in 1964, but both had lost in the semifinals and Morelon had won the bronze medal match between them. Morelon would beat Trentin again at the 1966 and 1967 World Championship finals and the 1968 Grand Prix de Paris, though Trentin would prevail in the 1964, 1965, and 1967 Grand Prix competitions. Coming into Mexico City, Morelon was favored with Trentin expected to challenge him in the final. Also contending were 1965 World Champion Omar Phakadze of the Soviet Union and runner-up Giordano Turrini of Italy, as well as 1968 runner-up Niels Fredborg of Denmark.[2]
Barbados, Belize, Lebanon, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and Thailand each made their debut in the men's sprint; West Germany competed separately for the first time. France made its 14th appearance, the only nation to have competed at every appearance of the event.
Competition format edit
This sprint competition involved a series of head-to-head matches. The 1968 competition involved ten rounds: six main rounds (first round, second round, 1/8 finals, quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals) as well as three repechages after the first three main rounds; the third repechage was a two-round repechage.[3]
- First round: The 51 entrants were divided into 17 heats of 3 cyclists each. Withdrawals left some heats with only 2 competitors. The winner of each heat advanced directly to the second round (17 cyclists), while all other cyclists who competed were sent to the first repechage (30 cyclists).
- First repechage: The 30 cyclists were divided into 12 heats, each with 2 or 3 cyclists. The winner of each heat advanced to the second round (12 cyclists), while all others were eliminated (18 cyclists, including those who did not start).
- Second round: The 29 cyclists who advanced through the first round or first repechage were divided into 10 heats; all heats had 3 cyclists except heat 1, which had only 2. The winner of each heat advanced directly to the third round, the 1/8 finals (10 cyclists), while all others went to the second repechage (19 cyclists).
- Second repechage: The 19 cyclists from the second round were divided into 8 heats, with 2 or 3 cyclists per heat. Winners advanced to the 1/8 finals (8 cyclists), while all others were eliminated (11 cyclists, including those who did not start).
- 1/8 finals: The 18 cyclists who advanced through the first two rounds (including repechages) competed in a 1/8 finals round. There were 6 heats in this round, with 3 cyclists in each. The top cyclist in each heat advanced to the quarterfinals (6 cyclists), while the other 2 in each heat went to the third repechage (12 cyclists).
- Third repechage: This was a two-round repechage. The repechage began with 4 heats of 3 cyclists each. The top cyclist in each heat advanced to the second round, while the other 2 cyclists in each heat were eliminated. The second round of this repechage featured 2 heats of 2 cyclists each, with the winners advancing to the quarterfinals and the losers eliminated.
- Quarterfinals: Beginning with the quarterfinals, all matches were one-on-one competitions and were held in best-of-three format. There were 4 quarterfinals, with the winner of each advancing to the semifinals and the loser eliminated.
- Semifinals: The two semifinals provided for advancement to the gold medal final for winners and to the bronze medal final for losers.
- Finals: Both a gold medal final and a bronze medal final were held.
Records edit
The records for the sprint are 200 metre flying time trial records, kept for the qualifying round in later Games as well as for the finish of races.
World record | Omar Pkhakadze (URS) | 10.61 | Mexico City, Mexico | 22 October 1967 |
Olympic record | Valentino Gasparella (ITA) | 11.1 | Rome, Italy | 29 August 1960 |
Jan Jansen matched the Olympic record at 11.10 seconds for the last 200 metres in the eighth heat of round 1. Dino Verzini set a new record of 10.87 seconds in the next heat. Roger Gibbon pushed the record to 10.70 seconds in the fifth heat of round 2. Leijn Loevesijn's time of 10.66 seconds in the second heat of the third repechage semifinals was the last record-breaking performance of the event.
Schedule edit
All times are Central Standard Time (UTC-6)
Date | Time | Round |
---|---|---|
Friday, 18 October 1968 | 10:00 | Round 1 First repechage Round 2 Second repechage 1/8 finals Third repechage semifinals Third repechage finals |
Saturday, 19 October 1968 | 10:00 | Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals |
Results edit
First round edit
First round heat 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Daniel Morelon | France | 11.24 | Q |
2 | Juan Reyes | Cuba | – | R |
3 | Roberto Roxas | Philippines | – | R |
First round heat 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pierre Trentin | France | 11.61 | Q |
2 | José Jaime Galeano | Colombia | – | R |
3 | Pakanit Boriharnvanakhet | Thailand | – | R |
First round heat 3 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Giordano Turrini | Italy | 11.34 | Q |
2 | Sanji Inoue | Japan | – | R |
3 | Kensley Reece | Barbados | – | R |
First round heat 4 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Omar Pkhakadze | Soviet Union | 11.30 | Q |
2 | José Pittaro | Argentina | – | R |
3 | Tarek Abou Al Dahab | Lebanon | – | R |
First round heat 5 edit
Jürgen Kissner of West Germany was entered in this heat but did not compete.
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Roger Gibbon | Trinidad and Tobago | 11.15 | Q |
2 | Fan Yue-tao | Taiwan | – | R |
First round heat 6 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Robert Van Lancker | Belgium | 11.37 | Q |
2 | Héctor Urrego | Colombia | – | R |
3 | Kim Gwang-seon | South Korea | – | R |
First round heat 7 edit
George Artin of Iraq was entered in this heat but did not compete.
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Reg Barnett | Great Britain | 11.34 | Q |
2 | Bob Boucher | Canada | – | R |
First round heat 8 edit
Constantin Kabemba of the Cook Islands was entered in this heat but did not compete.
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jan Jansen | Netherlands | 11.10 | Q, =OR |
2 | Arturo García | Mexico | – | R |
First round heat 9 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dino Verzini | Italy | 10.87 | Q, OR |
2 | Leslie King | Trinidad and Tobago | – | R |
3 | Rolando Guaves | Philippines | – | R |
First round heat 10 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Niels Fredborg | Denmark | 10.91 | Q |
2 | Jocelyn Lovell | Canada | – | R |
3 | Kriengsak Varavudhi | Thailand | – | R |
First round heat 11 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Leijn Loevesijn | Netherlands | 10.92 | Q |
2 | András Baranyecz | Hungary | – | R |
3 | Tim Mountford | United States | – | R |
First round heat 12 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gordon Johnson | Australia | 11.42 | Q |
2 | José Mercado | Mexico | – | R |
3 | Gwon Jung-hyeon | South Korea | – | R |
First round heat 13 edit
Ignace Mandjambi of the Cook Islands was entered in this heat but did not compete.
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jürgen Barth | West Germany | 11.39 | Q |
2 | Carlos Roqueiro | Argentina | – | R |
First round heat 14 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ivan Kučírek | Czechoslovakia | 11.03 | Q |
2 | Ian Alsop | Great Britain | – | R |
3 | Aubrey Bryce | Guyana | – | R |
First round heat 15 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jackie Simes | United States | 11.23 | Q |
2 | Daniel Goens | Belgium | – | R |
3 | Kenneth Sutherland | British Honduras | – | R |
First round heat 16 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Peder Pedersen | Denmark | 11.08 | Q |
2 | Sergey Kravtsov | Soviet Union | – | R |
3 | Edwin Torres | Puerto Rico | – | R |
First round heat 17 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Miloš Jelínek | Czechoslovakia | 11.40 | Q |
2 | John Nicholson | Australia | – | R |
3 | Raúl Marcelo Vázquez | Cuba | – | R |
First repechage edit
Tarek Abou Al Dahab of Lebanon withdrew.
First repechage heat 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sanji Inoue | Japan | 11.60 | Q |
2 | Pakanit Boriharnvanakhet | Thailand | – | |
3 | Héctor Urrego | Colombia | – |
First repechage heat 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | José Pittaro | Argentina | 11.41 | Q |
2 | Roberto Roxas | Philippines | – | |
3 | Aubrey Bryce | Guyana | – |
First repechage heat 3 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tim Mountford | United States | 11.03 | Q |
2 | Kim Gwang-seon | South Korea | – | |
3 | José Jaime Galeano | Colombia | – |
First repechage heat 4 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Leslie King | Trinidad and Tobago | 11.35 | Q |
2 | Juan Reyes | Cuba | – | |
3 | Gwon Jung-hyeon | South Korea | – |
First repechage heat 5 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jocelyn Lovell | Canada | 11.30 | Q |
2 | Arturo García | Mexico | – | |
3 | Rolando Guaves | Philippines | – |
First repechage heat 6 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | András Baranyecz | Hungary | 11.08 | Q |
2 | Kriengsak Varavudhi | Thailand | – |
First repechage heat 7 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | José Mercado | Mexico | 11.27 | Q |
2 | Kensley Reece | Barbados | – |
First repechage heat 8 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Carlos Roqueiro | Argentina | 11.15 | Q |
2 | Edwin Torres | Puerto Rico | – |
First repechage heat 9 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ian Alsop | Great Britain | 11.19 | Q |
2 | Bob Boucher | Canada | – |
First repechage heat 10 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Daniel Goens | Belgium | 11.81 | Q |
2 | Fan Yue-tao | Taiwan | – |
First repechage heat 11 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sergey Kravtsov | Soviet Union | 11.56 | Q |
2 | Raúl Marcelo Vázquez | Cuba | – |
First repechage heat 12 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | John Nicholson | Australia | 11.09 | Q |
2 | Kenneth Sutherland | British Honduras | – |
Second round edit
Second round heat 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Daniel Morelon | France | 10.94 | Q |
2 | Tim Mountford | United States | – | R |
Second round heat 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pierre Trentin | France | 10.91 | Q |
2 | Sanji Inoue | Japan | – | R |
3 | Leslie King | Trinidad and Tobago | – | R |
Second round heat 3 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Giordano Turrini | Italy | 11.47 | Q |
2 | José Pittaro | Argentina | – | R |
3 | Jocelyn Lovell | Canada | – | R |
Second round heat 4 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Omar Pkhakadze | Soviet Union | 11.26 | Q |
2 | Miloš Jelínek | Czechoslovakia | – | R |
3 | Ian Alsop | Great Britain | – | R |
Second round heat 5 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Roger Gibbon | Trinidad and Tobago | 10.70 | Q, OR |
2 | Peder Pedersen | Denmark | – | R |
3 | András Baranyecz | Hungary | – | R |
Second round heat 6 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jackie Simes | United States | 10.72 | Q |
2 | Robert Van Lancker | Belgium | – | R |
3 | Sergey Kravtsov | Soviet Union | – | R |
Second round heat 7 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ivan Kučírek | Czechoslovakia | 11.38 | Q |
2 | Reg Barnett | Great Britain | – | R |
3 | José Mercado | Mexico | – | R |
Second round heat 8 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gordon Johnson | Australia | 11.06 | Q |
2 | Jan Jansen | Netherlands | – | R |
3 | Carlos Roqueiro | Argentina | – | R |
Second round heat 9 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jürgen Barth | West Germany | 10.95 | Q |
2 | Dino Verzini | Italy | – | R |
3 | John Nicholson | Australia | – | R |
Second round heat 10 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Niels Fredborg | Denmark | 11.09 | Q |
2 | Leijn Loevesijn | Netherlands | – | R |
3 | Daniel Goens | Belgium | – | R |
Second repechage edit
Second repechage heat 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sergey Kravtsov | Soviet Union | 10.87 | Q |
2 | Sanji Inoue | Japan | – | |
– | Miloš Jelínek | Czechoslovakia | DNS |
Second repechage heat 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Leslie King | Trinidad and Tobago | 11.16 | Q |
2 | José Mercado | Mexico | – | |
3 | Ian Alsop | Great Britain | – |
Second repechage heat 3 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tim Mountford | United States | 11.31 | Q |
2 | Peder Pedersen | Denmark | – |
Second repechage heat 4 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Robert Van Lancker | Belgium | 10.99 | Q |
2 | András Baranyecz | Hungary | – |
Second repechage heat 5 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Reg Barnett | Great Britain | 11.01 | Q |
2 | John Nicholson | Australia | – |
Second repechage heat 6 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jan Jansen | Netherlands | 11.13 | Q |
2 | Daniel Goens | Belgium | – | |
3 | José Pittaro | Argentina | – |
Second repechage heat 7 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dino Verzini | Italy | 11.04 | Q |
2 | Carlos Roqueiro | Argentina | – |
Second repechage heat 8 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Leijn Loevesijn | Netherlands | 11.91 | Q |
2 | Jocelyn Lovell | Canada | – |
1/8 finals edit
1/8 final 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Daniel Morelon | France | 11.00 | Q |
2 | Leslie King | Trinidad and Tobago | – | R |
3 | Reg Barnett | Great Britain | – | R |
1/8 final 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pierre Trentin | France | 10.96 | Q |
2 | Sergey Kravtsov | Soviet Union | – | R |
3 | Robert Van Lancker | Belgium | – | R |
1/8 final 3 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Giordano Turrini | Italy | 10.96 | Q |
2 | Jürgen Barth | West Germany | – | R |
3 | Leijn Loevesijn | Netherlands | – | R |
1/8 final 4 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Omar Pkhakadze | Soviet Union | 10.94 | Q |
2 | Tim Mountford | United States | – | R |
3 | Niels Fredborg | Denmark | – | R |
1/8 final 5 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jan Jansen | Netherlands | 11.06 | Q |
2 | Roger Gibbon | Trinidad and Tobago | – | R |
3 | Gordon Johnson | Australia | – | R |
1/8 final 6 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dino Verzini | Italy | 10.81 | Q |
2 | Jackie Simes | United States | – | R |
3 | Ivan Kučírek | Czechoslovakia | – | R |
Third repechage heats edit
Third repechage heat 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jürgen Barth | West Germany | 10.98 | Q |
2 | Robert Van Lancker | Belgium | – | |
3 | Reg Barnett | Great Britain | – |
Third repechage heat 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Leijn Loevesijn | Netherlands | 10.66 | Q, OR |
2 | Roger Gibbon | Trinidad and Tobago | – | |
3 | Sergey Kravtsov | Soviet Union | – |
Third repechage heat 3 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jackie Simes | United States | 10.92 | Q |
2 | Niels Fredborg | Denmark | – | |
3 | Leslie King | Trinidad and Tobago | – |
Third repechage heat 4 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tim Mountford | United States | 10.79 | Q |
2 | Gordon Johnson | Australia | – | |
3 | Ivan Kučírek | Czechoslovakia | – |
Third repechage finals edit
Third repechage final 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jürgen Barth | West Germany | 11.30 | Q |
2 | Jackie Simes | United States | – |
Third repechage final 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Leijn Loevesijn | Netherlands | 11.09 | Q |
2 | Tim Mountford | United States | – |
Quarterfinals edit
Quarterfinal 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | ||||
1 | Daniel Morelon | France | 1 | 11.09 | 1 | 11.26 | — | Q | |
2 | Leijn Loevesijn | Netherlands | 2 | – | 2 | – |
Quarterfinal 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | ||||
1 | Pierre Trentin | France | 1 | 11.49 | 1 | 12.09 | — | Q | |
2 | Jürgen Barth | West Germany | 2 | – | 2 | – |
Quarterfinal 3 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | ||||
1 | Giordano Turrini | Italy | 2 | – | 1 | 10.97 | 1 | 11.12 | Q |
2 | Jan Jansen | Netherlands | 1 | 10.85 | 2 | – | 2 | – |
Quarterfinal 4 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | ||||
1 | Omar Pkhakadze | Soviet Union | 2 | – | 1 | 11.35 | 1 | 10.86 | Q |
2 | Dino Verzini | Italy | 1 | 11.14 | 2 | – | 2 | – |
Semifinals edit
Semifinal 1 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | ||||
1 | Daniel Morelon | France | 2 | – | 1 | 10.76 | 1 | 10.69 | Q |
2 | Omar Pkhakadze | Soviet Union | 1 | 10.69 | 2 | – | 2 | – | B |
Semifinal 2 edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | ||||
1 | Giordano Turrini | Italy | 1 | 11.76 | 1 | 11.24 | — | Q | |
2 | Pierre Trentin | France | 2 | – | 2 | – | B |
Finals edit
Bronze medal match edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | |||
Pierre Trentin | France | 1 | 11.57 | 2 | – | 1 | 10.92 | |
4 | Omar Pkhakadze | Soviet Union | 2 | – | 1 | 11.53 | 2 | – |
Final edit
Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | |||
Daniel Morelon | France | 1 | 11.27 | 1 | 10.68 | — | ||
Giordano Turrini | Italy | 2 | – | 2 | – |
Final classification edit
References edit
- ^ "Cycling at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Games: Men's Sprint". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ "Sprint, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ Official Report, vol. 3, pp. 623–24.