Calycidium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sphaerophoraceae. It has two species.[4] It is one of the few lichen genera containing foliose (leafy) species that produce a mazaedium – a powdery mass of spores. Both species occur in Australasia and South America, where they grow on tree bark or on mosses.
| Calycidium | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Sphaerophoraceae |
| Genus: | Calycidium Stirt. (1877) |
| Type species | |
| Calycidium cuneatum Stirt. (1877)
| |
| Species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Taxonomy
editThe genus was circumscribed by James Stirton in 1877, with Calycidium cuneatum as the type species.[5] Calycidium polycarpum was transferred to the genus (from Sphaerophorus) in 2002.[6]
In 1929, Alexander Elenkin created the monotypic family Calycidiaceae to contain this genus.[7] Phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 demonstrated that the Calycidiaceae were closely related to the Sphaerophoraceae.[8] This family was subsumed into the Sphaerophoraceae by Robert Lücking and colleagues in their 2016 classification of lichenized fungi; they reasoned: "there is neither a topological nor a morphological reason to maintain the two families, even if both entities are reciprocally monophyletic and Calycidiaceae has been used for many decades".[9]
Description
editCalycidium lichens have a more or less smooth, green to brownish-green foliose thallus. The thallus undersurface is white and wrinkled, and the medulla is white. The apothecia are located on the margin of the thallus. They bear the spore mass, the mazaedia, which are brown, comprising more or less spherical ascospores. Secondary chemicals produced by the genus include xanthones and the orcinol depside compound sphaerophorin.[6]
Species
edit- Calycidium cuneatum Stirt. (1877) – Australia (Tasmania); New Zealand
- Calycidium polycarpum (Colenso) Wedin (2002) – South America (Argentina and Chile); Australia (Tasmania); New Zealand
Both species occur in cool temperate rainforests of the Southern Hemisphere, where they grow on tree bark and sometimes over mosses.[6]
References
edit- ^ "Synonymy: Calycidium Stirt., Proc. Roy. phil. Soc. Glasgow 10: 292 (1877)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ Ciferri, R.; Tomaselli, R. (1953). "Saggio di una sistematica micolichenologica". Atti dell'Istituto Botanico della Università e Laboratorio Crittogamico di Pavia (in Spanish). 10 (1): 25–84.
- ^ Müller, J. (1892). "Lichenes Knightiani in Nova Zelandia lecti additis nonnullis aliis ejusdem regionis, quos exponit". Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique (in Latin). 31 (2): 22–42.
- ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
- ^ Stirton, J. (1877). "On new genera and species of lichens from New Zealand". Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. 10: 285–306.
- ^ a b c Wedin, Mats (2002). "The genus Calycidium Stirt". The Lichenologist. 34 (1): 63–69. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0372. S2CID 85604113.
- ^ Elenkin (1929). "O teoreticheskikh printsipakh detalizatsii osnovnykh ryadov kombinativnoi sistemy lishainikov" [On the theoretical grounds of detailed elaboration of basic series of the combinative system of lichens]. Izvestiya Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada SSSR ('Bulletin Jardin Botanique de l'URSS') (in Russian). 28: 265–305.
- ^ Prieto, Maria; Baloch, Elisabeth; Tehler, Anders; Wedin, Mats (2013). "Mazaedium evolution in the Ascomycota (Fungi) and the classification of mazaediate groups of formerly unclear relationship". Cladistics. 29 (3): 296–308. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00429.x. PMID 34818827. S2CID 85219307.
- ^ Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota – Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.