Bine, also known as Pine, Kunini, Masingara or Oriomo (a name shared with Wipi),[2] is a Papuan language of New Guinea. Glottolog lists the following varieties: Boze-Giringarede, Irupi-Drageli, Kunini, Masingle, Sebe, Sogal and Täti.
| Bine | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2000)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bon |
| Glottolog | bine1240 |
Speakers refer to the language as either bine mene (Bine language) or kewe mene (village language).[3]
Regional differences edit
Bine is usually divided into two standard dialects by linguists, the Eastern dialect and the Western dialect, which in turn are divided into many regional varieties. Most of the distinction between the two is phonological. One instance of this is the occurrence of rhotasicm in some dialects. In the some dialects, such as the Boze-Giringarede, Täti, Sogal, and Masigle variants, /l/ has rhotacised to become /r/. Other dialects, such as the Kunini, Irupi-Drageli and Sebe variants, on the other hand, have not undergone this change and have preserved the original /l/. (maru, in the rhotacising dialects, meaning 'beach', but malu in non-rhotacising dialects). Another example of phonological distinction is debuccalization in certain dialects. In the Masingle, Kunini and Täti variants, /k/ has shifted to /ʔ/ in word-initial and word-medial positions, while in other variants, such as the Sebe, Sogal and Irupi-Drageli variants, /k/ is retained. (compare the Masingle, Kunini and Täti variants ʔiyeʔiye meaning 'tomorrow' and the first person singular pronoun ʔane, to their equivalents kiyekiye and kane in the Irupi-Drageli, Sebe and Sogal variants) Some dialects use both phonemes. The dialects also differentiate in pronunciation of vowels. in both the Masingle and the Irupi-Drageli variants, /æ/ has backened to /ɑ/ (æibi, to paddle becomes ɑibi)[4]
Phonology edit
Consonants edit
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | p b | t d | k* ɡ | ʔ* | |||
| Trill | r* | ||||||
| Fricative | s | ||||||
| Approximant | l* | ||||||
| Lateral Approximant | j |
- These consonants may be absent in certain dialects
Vowels edit
Short edit
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | æ | ɑ |
Long edit
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | uː | |
| Mid | eː | oː | |
| Open | æː | ɑː |
ː
Sample Text edit
Agedna cabu ca, Acejiyame te dume piiyepu gawe jaawenuji. Gawe te tacuji, gwidape lica ge gawe cabu. lyeta krokeciye ge, Acejiyame niiye cabu jemwige. Acejiyame jiiciga egä, "Apaclyera tunepmali!" Siige, apaclyera te tunepmalige. Acejiyame jepänige apaclyera lui jamyacu ge, einige bimu padare. Acejiyame pui apaclyera jebalodnemige krokeciye ca. Krokeciye ne einige ciye padare. Bimu yepä ge. Bimu neeneni cabu Acejiyame jiicige, "Niiye äpali! Poto niiye biiri arbe cabu me, poto niiye täini gawe me!" Siige, niiye te lui cabu je äplegige, gawe niiye te täinige. Pui äpli puupu Acejiyame einige dume. Bimu neeneni. nälu peese.
In the beginning God created heaven and earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water. The spirit of God was hovering over the water. Then God said, "Let there be light!" So there was light. God saw the light was good. So God separated the light from the darkness. God named the light "day", and the darkness he named "night". There was evening, then morning, the first day. Then God said, "Let there be a horizon in the middle of the water in order to separate the water". So God made the horizon and separated the water above and below the horizon. And so it was. God named what was above the horizon "sky". There was evening, then morning, a second day. [5]
Vocabulary edit
Comparison of vocabulary in dialects of Bine language[6] Boze-Giringarede Kunini Masingle Irupi-Drageli Täti Sebe Sogal tomorrow ʔiyeʔiye ʔiyeʔiye ʔiyeʔiye kiyekiye ʔiyeʔiye kiyekiye kiyekiye what ŋena ŋena ŋena ŋena ŋena ŋena ŋena dog dreŋgo drego drego dreŋgo dreŋo dreŋgo dreŋgo coconut i:ya i:ya i:ya i:ya i:ya i:ya i:ya pig blomo blome blome brome blomwe blomo blomo root brændo brædžu mrado marando brando brando brando paddle æibi æibi ɑibi ɑibi æibi ɑibi ɑibi good mi:ndži mi:dži mi:ndži mi:ndži mi:ži mi:ndži mi:ndži beach maru malu maru malu maru malu maru bird ere ele ere ele ere ere ere
References edit
- ^ Bine at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bine language". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Satawalese". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Fleischmann and Turpeinen (1976)". transnewguinea.org. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Bine Language Sample | Language Museum". www.language-museum.com. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Fleischmann and Turpeinen (1976)". transnewguinea.org. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
