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African diaspora in the Americas

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The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Significant groups have been established in the United States (African Americans), in Canada (Black Canadians), in the Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean), and in Latin America (Afro-Latin Americans).

African diaspora in the Americas
Regions with significant populations
 United States46,936,733[1]
 Brazil20,656,458[2]
 Haiti10,896,000[3]
 Colombia4,944,400[4][5][6][7][8]
 Mexico2,576,213[9]
 Jamaica2,531,000[10]
 Dominican Republic1,704,000[11][12]
 Panama1,258,915[13]
 Canada1,198,540[14]
 Cuba1,034,044[15]
 Venezuela936,770[16][17]
 Peru828,824[18]
 Ecuador814,468[19]
 Puerto Rico574,287[20]
 Nicaragua572,000[21]
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[22]
 Bahamas324,000[23]
 Barbados280,000[24]
 Uruguay255,074[25]
 Guyana227,062[26]
 Suriname202,500[27]
 Honduras191,000[28][29]
 Argentina149,493[30][31][32]
 Saint Lucia142,000[33]
 Belize108,000[34]
Languages
English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole, Papiamento, Dutch
Religion
Christianity, Rastafari, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam, others
Related ethnic groups
African diaspora, Maroons

History

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Main article: Atlantic slave trade

After the United States achieved independence, next came the independence of Haiti, a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers. After the process of independence, many countries have encouraged European immigration to America, thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country: Brazil, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America, whereas the one-drop rule in the United States has had the opposite effect.[35]

From 21 to 25 November 1995, the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held. Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent. According to David D.E. Ferrari, vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean, black people have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more frequent and more widespread diseases, higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin. Women, also the subjects of gender discrimination, suffer worse living conditions.

On 4 November 2008, the first black U.S. president, Barack Obama, won 52% of the vote. His father was from Kenya and his mother was from Kansas.[36]

Distribution

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African diaspora in the Americas by percentage of population
Country % Black African % Mixed Black African
  Haiti[3] 95% ~5%
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 92.5% 3%
  Barbados[24] 92.4% 3.1%
  Martinique
92.4%
  Jamaica[10] 92.1% 6.1%
  Curaçao
91.8%
  The Bahamas[23] 90.6% 2.1%
  Turks and Caicos 87.6% 2.5%
  Antigua and Barbuda 87.3% 4.7%
  Montserrat 86.2% 4.8%
  Saint Lucia[33] 85.3% 10.9%
  Anguilla 85.3% 3.8%
  Dominica 84.7% 9%
  Grenada 82.4% 13.3%
  British Virgin Islands 76.3% 5.4%
  U.S. Virgin Islands 76% 2.1%
  Vincent and the Grenadines 71.2% 23%
  French Guiana[37]
66%
  Bermuda 52% 9%
  Suriname[27]
37.4%
  Guyana[26] 30.2% 16.7%
  Trinidad and Tobago 34.2%[38] 22.8%[22]
  Panama[13]
32.8%
  Belize[34] 25.6% 6.1%
  Cayman Islands 20% 40%
  Dominican Republic[11] 15.8% 70.4%
  Aruba
15%
  United States[1] 12.4% 1.8%
  Brazil 10.2% 45.3%
  Guadeloupe 10% 76.7%
  Cuba 9.3% 26.6%
  Colombia[39] 9.34% 15.44%
  Nicaragua
9%
  Puerto Rico[20] 7% 10.5%
  Ecuador
4.8%
  Uruguay[25] 4.6% 3.2%
  Canada
4.26%
  Venezuela[16] 3.6% 51.6%
  Peru[18]
3.6%
  Mexico
2.04%
  Honduras[28][29]
2%
  Costa Rica[40] 1.1% 6.7%
  Argentina
0.37%
  Guatemala
0.3%
  Bolivia
0.2%
  El Salvador
0.13%
  Paraguay
0.13%
  Chile
0.06%

Notable people of African descent in the Americas

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See also

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  • Ethnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America. Dijk, Teun A. van. van. Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84-7432-997-3
  • Gender, class and race in Latin America: some contributions. Luna, Lola G. Ed PPU, SA ISBN 84-7665-959-8
  • Gender, race and class "color" desensientes Latinas. Impoexports, Colombia, Yumbo
  • Afro Atlantic Histories resource, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC.

References

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  1. ^ a b "US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Tabela 1.3.1 – População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade – Brasil – 2010" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Haiti — The World Factbook". CIA.
  4. ^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  5. ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  6. ^ Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Hoon Sul, Jae; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (25 October 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". PLOS Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 6218714. PMID 30401458.
  7. ^ Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
  8. ^ "Afrocolombianos". encolombia.com (in Spanish). 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  9. ^ "Sociodemographic panorama of Mexico 2020". 25 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Jamaica – People".
  11. ^ a b "Dominican Republic — The World Factbook". CIA.
  12. ^ Moya Pons, Frank (2010). Historia de la República Dominicana (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Editorial CSIC. ISBN 978-84-00-09240-5. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  13. ^ a b "El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente". March 2023.
  14. ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ a b "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. May 2014. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  17. ^ Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011
  18. ^ a b "Población Afroperuana" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  19. ^ http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/ [dead link]
  20. ^ a b "Puerto Rico 2020 census".
  21. ^ "Nicaragua — The World Factbook". CIA.
  22. ^ a b "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report" (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  23. ^ a b "ThebBahamas — The World Factbook". CIA.
  24. ^ a b "Barbados — The World Factbook". CIA.
  25. ^ a b "La población Afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011" (in Spanish). 7 March 2021.
  26. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ a b "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  28. ^ a b "Honduras — The World Factbook". CIA.
  29. ^ a b "Honduras - XVII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda 2013". Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Honduras. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  30. ^ Perfil, Redacción (28 March 2015). "Los afro- argentinos y el racismo que perdura". Perfil.com.
  31. ^ "Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010" [Table P42. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.
  32. ^ "Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010" [Table P43. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.
  33. ^ a b "Saint Lucia — The World Factbook". CIA.
  34. ^ a b "Belize — The World Factbook". CIA.
  35. ^ Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-271-02883-1
  36. ^ Goldstein, Bonnie (30 July 2012). "Obama descended from slave ancestor". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  37. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- French Guiana". CIA. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  38. ^ Bethel, Camille (February 2013). "Census: Mixed population on the rise | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  39. ^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  40. ^ "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
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