2016 Manitoba general election

The 2016 Manitoba general election was held on April 19, 2016, to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, Canada.[1] The New Democratic Party of Manitoba, led by Greg Selinger, were defeated by the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba led by Brian Pallister, ending nearly 17 years of NDP government. The Progressive Conservatives won 40 seats, one of the largest majority governments in Manitoba history, the other one was in 1915 when Liberals also won 40 seats.[2]

2016 Manitoba general election

← 2011 April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19) 2019 →

57 seats of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
29 seats needed for a majority
Turnout57.43%
  First party Second party
 
Leader Brian Pallister Greg Selinger
Party Progressive Conservative New Democratic
Leader since July 30, 2012 October 17, 2009
Leader's seat Fort Whyte St. Boniface
Last election 19 seats, 43.71% 37 seats, 46.16%
Seats before 19 35
Seats won 40 14
Seat change Increase21 Decrease21
Popular vote 232,215 112,748
Percentage 53.10% 25.78%
Swing Increase9.39% Decrease20.38%

  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader Rana Bokhari James Beddome
Party Liberal Green
Leader since October 26, 2013 November 15, 2014
Leader's seat ran in Fort Rouge (lost) ran in Fort Garry-Riverview (lost)
Last election 1 seat, 7.52% 0 seats, 2.52%
Seats before 1 0
Seats won 3 0
Seat change Increase2 Steady
Popular vote 62,973 22,188
Percentage 14.40% 5.07%
Swing Increase6.88% Increase2.62%

Popular vote by riding. As this is an FPTP election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote, but instead via results by each riding.

Premier before election

Greg Selinger
New Democratic

Premier after election

Brian Pallister
Progressive Conservative

The election also removed one of the two New Democratic governments in the country, the other being formed by the Alberta New Democratic Party.

Date

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Under the Manitoba Elections Act, the general election is to be held on the first Tuesday of October in the fourth calendar year, following the previous election.[3] As the last election was held in 2011, that date would be October 6, 2015. However, the act also provides that if, as of January 1 of the election year, the election period would overlap with a federal election period, the provincial election is to be postponed until the third Tuesday of the following April.[4] Under the federal fixed-term act, on January 1, 2015, the next federal election was tentatively scheduled for October 19, 2015, overlapping election periods by approximately three weeks. Thus the next Manitoba election was scheduled for April 19, 2016. The Lieutenant Governor retains the power to dissolve the Legislative Assembly early.[5] The legislature was dissolved and writs for the election were dropped on March 16, 2016.[6]

Campaign

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The election was relatively unique within Canadian politics, in that opinion polling indicated that most voters were basing their decision on the local candidate in their riding or the party platform, not the performance of the leader. In most Canadian elections, such as the 2016 Saskatchewan election, the behaviour of the party leader was a stronger motivator for constituents when voting;[7] in the context of the Manitoba election, however, polling found that none of the three main party leaders was particularly well-liked or trusted by the electorate.[8] Although Pallister fared best with 33 per cent support in public opinion polling on the question of preferred premier, even he finished only one point ahead of "none of the above" at 32 per cent.[8]

The campaigns of all three parties were based on themes of change, with even Selinger suggesting the incumbent NDP government would be able to respond to constituent concerns and change problematic policies in the leaders' debate.[7] Opinion polling during the campaign suggested a lack of enthusiasm for all party leaders, and a general desire for change.[9]

Election summary

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The Tories went into the election as heavy favourites, having led opinion polls for almost four years. They scored a near-sweep of rural southern and central Manitoba, and also made significant inroads in Winnipeg, taking every seat in the southern and western portions of the capital. In many cases, previously safe NDP seats either fell to the Tories or saw the NDP margins cut by more than half.

Summary of the April 19, 2016 Manitoba Legislature election
Party Leader Candidates Seats Popular vote
2011 Dissol. 2016 +/- Votes % % change
Progressive Conservative Brian Pallister 57 19 19 40 +21 232,215 53.10 +9.39
New Democratic Greg Selinger 57 37 35 14 -21 112,748 25.78 −20.38
Liberal Rana Bokhari 51 1 1 3 +2 62,973 14.40 +6.88
Green James Beddome 30 22,188 5.07 +2.55
Manitoba Gary Marshall 16 4,887 1.12 n/a
Communist Darrell Rankin 6 305 0.07 +0.03
  Independents 4 2,032 0.46 +0.41
  Vacant[a] 2
Total 221 57 57 57 437,348
Popular vote
PC
53.10%
New Democratic
25.78%
Liberal
14.40%
Green
5.07%
Others
1.65%
Seats summary
PC
70.18%
New Democratic
24.56%
Liberal
5.26%

Summary results

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Elections to the 41st Manitoba Legislature – seats won/lost by party, 2011–2016
Party 2011 Gain from (loss to) 2016
NDP PC Lib
New Democratic 37 (21) (2) 14
Progressive Conservative 19 21 40
Liberal 1 2 3
Total 57 23 (21) (2) 57
Elections to the 41st Manitoba Legislature – top 5 candidates from each riding, by party
Party Candidates 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Progressive Conservative 57 40 11 6
New Democratic 57 14 28 12 3
Liberal 51 3 11 31 6
Green 30 4 5 20 1
Manitoba 16 2 1 5 7
Independent 4 1 3
Party candidates in 2nd place
Party in 1st place Party in 2nd place Total
PC NDP Lib Grn MB Ind
Progressive Conservative 26 8 3 2 1 40
New Democratic 10 3 1 14
Liberal 1 2 3
Total 11 28 11 4 2 1 57
Principal races, according to 1st and 2nd-place results
Parties Seats
 Progressive Conservative  New Democratic 36
 Progressive Conservative  Liberal 9
 Progressive Conservative  Green 3
 Progressive Conservative  Manitoba 2
 Progressive Conservative  Independent 1
 New Democratic  Liberal 5
 New Democratic  Green 1
Total 57

Incumbents not contesting their seats

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Retiring incumbents
Party Riding Incumbent
NDP
Assiniboia Jim Rondeau[11]
Dauphin Stan Struthers[12]
Dawson Trail Ron Lemieux
Fort Rouge Jennifer Howard
Radisson Bidhu Jha[13]
St. Johns Gord Mackintosh
St. Vital Nancy Allan[14]
Seine River Theresa Oswald
Transcona Daryl Reid
Progressive Conservative
Agassiz Stu Briese[15]
Riding Mountain Leanne Rowat[15]
River East Bonnie Mitchelson[16]

Opinion polls

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Polling firm Last date
of polling
Link NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Insights West April 18, 2016 [p 1] 28 53 10 7 1
Insightrix Research April 18, 2016 [p 2] 22 49 19 9 1
Forum Research April 17, 2016 [p 3] 21 52 18 9
Mainstreet Research April 14, 2016 [p 4] 26 55 11 9
Insights West April 7, 2016 [p 5] 26 49 17 7 1
Insightrix Research April 7, 2016 [p 6] 24 49 22 5
Mainstreet Research April 5, 2016 [p 7] 24 50 17 9
Probe Research Inc April 4, 2016 [p 8] 28 46 20 6
Mainstreet Research March 29, 2016 [p 9] 23 45 24 7
Mainstreet Research March 19, 2016 [p 10] 24 44 24 7
Forum Research March 13, 2016 [p 11] 22 46 23 8 1
Mainstreet Research March 12, 2016 [p 12] 27 43 24 7
Mainstreet Research February 20, 2016 [p 13] 21 50 23 6
Mainstreet Research February 11, 2016 [p 14] 21 51 20 7
Mainstreet Research January 25, 2016 [p 15] 20 52 20 9
Mainstreet Research January 9, 2016 [p 16] 23 44 27 6
Insightrix Research December 22, 2015 [p 17] 19 39 36 5 1
Probe Research Inc December 15, 2015 [p 18] 22 43 29 6
Probe Research Inc September 23, 2015 [p 19] 25 45 24 5
Probe Research Inc June 27, 2015 [p 20] 29 46 19 5
Probe Research Inc April 5, 2015 [p 21] 29 44 20 7
Probe Research Inc December 12, 2014 HTML 26 48 19 7
Mainstreet Research November 3, 2014 [p 22] 27 53 20
Probe Research Inc October 1, 2014 [p 23] 30 42 20 8
Probe Research Inc June 19, 2014 HTML 32 45 16 7
Probe Research Inc March 28, 2014 [p 24] 28 46 23 3
Insightrix Research February 7, 2014 [p 25] 24 49 18 9
Probe Research Inc December 27, 2013 [p 26] 26 48 20 6
Probe Research Inc September 28, 2013 [p 27] 29 43 20 8
Probe Research Inc June 26, 2013 [p 28] 28 46 17 10
Probe Research Inc April 14, 2013 [p 29] 35 42 15 8
Probe Research Inc December 14, 2012 [p 29] 39 43 11 7
Probe Research Inc October 14, 2012 [p 30] 45 38 11 6
Probe Research Inc June 29, 2012 [p 31] 44 40 13 3
Probe Research Inc April 4, 2012 [p 32] 40 45 10 5
2011 election October 4, 2011 46.2 43.7 7.5 2.5 0.1
Polling firm Last date
of polling
Link Other
NDP PC Liberal Green

Candidates by riding

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  • Note that names in bold type represent Cabinet members, while italics represent party leaders.

Northern Manitoba

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Flin Flon Tom Lindsey
1,106
Angela Enright
954
Leslie Beck
948
Clarence Pettersen (Ind.)
359
Clarence Pettersen
Kewatinook Eric Robinson
1,207
Edna Nabess
375
Judy Klassen
1,565
Eric Robinson
Swan River Ron Kostyshyn
2,408
Rick Wowchuk
4,081
Shayne Lynxleg
483
Dan Soprovich
296
Ron Kostyshyn
The Pas Amanda Lathlin
1,976
Doug Lauvstad
1,765
Tyler Duncan
586
Patrick Wood
217
Amanda Lathlin
Thompson Steve Ashton
1,527
Kelly Bindle
1,712
Inez Vystrcil-Spence
638
Steve Ashton

Westman/Parkland

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Agassiz Courtney Lucas
450
Eileen Clarke
5,228
Robert Smith
409
Damian Dempsey (Ind.)
910
Stu Briese
Arthur-Virden Lorne Topolniski
600
Doyle Piwniuk
6,006
Frank Godon (Manitoba)
846
Doyle Piwniuk
Brandon East Drew Caldwell
2,534
Len Isleifson
3,669
Vanessa Hamilton
830
Drew Caldwell
Brandon West Linda Ross
1,884
Reg Helwer
5,624
William Moore
631
Reg Helwer
Dauphin Darcy Scheller
1,899
Brad Michaleski
4,795
Garry Gurke
505
Kate Storey
595
Darrell Inkster (Manitoba)
168
Stan Struthers
Riding Mountain Béla Gyarmati
601
Greg Nesbitt
5,311
Jordan Fleury
1,028
Mark Olenick
779
Leanne Rowat
Spruce Woods Amanda Chmelyk
665
Cliff Cullen
5,210
Jaron Hart
512
Malcolm McKellar (Manitoba)
738
Cliff Cullen

Central Manitoba

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Emerson Alanna Jones
432
Cliff Graydon
4,943
Loren Braul
1,423
Cliff Graydon
Gimli Armand Bélanger
2,579
Jeff Wharton
5,614
Dwight Harfield
843
Ed Paquette (Manitoba)
239
vacant
Interlake Tom Nevakshonoff
1,428
Derek Johnson
3,685
Jamal Abas
2,068
Tom Nevakshonoff
Lakeside Matt Austman
1,369
Ralph Eichler
6,077
Ralph Eichler
Midland Jacqueline Theroux
714
Blaine Pedersen
6,168
Julia Sisler
523
Stacey O’Neill
797
Blaine Pedersen
Morden-Winkler Elizabeth Lynch
215
Cameron Friesen
6,598
Benjamin Bawdon
279
Mike Urichuk
667
Cameron Friesen
Morris Mohamed Alli
840
Shannon Martin
6,980
John Falk
1,430
Shannon Martin
Portage la Prairie Alex MacDonald
697
Ian Wishart
4,635
Stephen Prince
1,238
Ian Wishart

Eastman

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Dawson Trail Roxane Dupuis
1,678
Bob Lagassé
4,430
Terry Hayward
1,652
David Sutherland (Manitoba)
516
Ron Lemieux
Lac du Bonnet Wendy Sol
1,647
Wayne Ewasko
5,666
Wayne Ewasko
La Verendrye Echo Asher
705
Dennis Smook
5,262
Bill Paulishyn
696
Janine Gibson
724
Dennis Smook
Steinbach Kathleen McCallum
387
Kelvin Goertzen
6,982
Dakota Young-Brown
461
Kelvin Goertzen
St. Paul Andrew Podolecki
1,757
Ron Schuler
7,091
Pete Sanderson
1,055
Ron Schuler
Selkirk Greg Dewar
2,366
Alan Lagimodiere
4,686
Stefan Jones
1,390
Greg Dewar

Northwest Winnipeg

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Burrows Melanie Wight
1,775
Rae Wagner
1,014
Cindy Lamoureux
2,641
Garrett Bodnaryk
216
Tony Petrowski (Communist)
28
Melanie Wight
Kildonan Dave Chomiak
3,065
Nic Curry
3,694
Navdeep Khangura
974
Steven Stairs
456
Gary Marshall (Manitoba)
133
Dave Chomiak
Point Douglas Kevin Chief
2,839
Marsha Street
811
Althea Guiboche
956
Alberteen Spence
247
Frank Komarniski (Communist)
58
Kevin Chief
St. Johns Nahanni Fontaine
2,358
Barbara Judt
1,869
Noel Bernier
1,465
Elizabeth Puchailo
671
Gord Mackintosh
The Maples Mohinder Saran
2,832
Kaur Sidhu
2,705
Harbans Singh Brar
1,695
John Redekopp
582
Mohinder Saran
Tyndall Park Ted Marcelino
2,139
Naseer Warraich
1,306
Aida Champagne
1,656
Shane Neustaeter
391

Ted Marcelino

Northeast Winnipeg

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Concordia Matt Wiebe
2,761
Andrew Frank
2,483
Donovan Martin
642
Terry Scott (Manitoba)
254
Matt Wiebe
Elmwood Jim Maloway
2,993
Sarah Langevin
2,886
Albert Ratt (Manitoba)
579
Jim Maloway
Radisson Preet Singh
2,945
James Teitsma
4,635
Scott Newman
1,593
Bidhu Jha
River East Jody Gillis
2,435
Cathy Cox
6,154
Piero Scaramuzzi
776
Bonnie Mitchelson
Rossmere Erna Braun
3,389
Andrew Micklefield
5,303
Malli Aulakh
838
William Sullivan (Manitoba)
427
Erna Braun
St. Boniface Greg Selinger
3,624
Mamadou Ka
2,211
Alain Landry
1,663
Signe Knutson
1,048
Greg Selinger
Transcona Barb Burkowski
2,281
Blair Yakimoski
3,948
Chad Panting
1,465
Darrell Rankin (Communist)
68
Ajit Kumar (Manitoba)
233
Daryl Reid

West Winnipeg

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Assiniboia Joseph McKellep
2,196
Steven Fletcher
3,450
Ian McCausland
1,631
Ileana Ohlsson
580
Jim Rondeau
Charleswood Janna Barkman
1,168
Myrna Driedger
5,298
Paul Brault
1,187
Kevin Nichols
1,080
Myrna Driedger
Kirkfield Park Sharon Blady
3,075
Scott Fielding
5,457
Kelly Nord
889
Lisa Omand
784
Sharon Blady
St. James Deanne Crothers
2,723
Scott Johnston
3,532
Michelle Finley
1,150
Jeff Buhse
850
Brad Gross (Manitoba)
137
Deanne Crothers
Tuxedo Zach Fleisher
1,312
Heather Stefanson
4,986
Michael Lazar
1,251
Bob Krul
976
Heather Stefanson

Central Winnipeg

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Fort Garry-Riverview James Allum
3,450
Jeannette Montufar
3,149
Johanna Wood
807
James Beddome
1,711
James Allum
Fort Rouge Wab Kinew
3,360
Audrey Gordon
2,751
Rana Bokhari
1,792
Grant Sharp
983
Matthew Ostrove (Manitoba)
175
Paula Ducharme (Communist)
47
Jennifer Howard
Logan Flor Marcelino
2,020
Allie Szarkiewicz
997
Peter Koroma
1,457
Jitendradas Loves-Life
397
Joe Chan (Manitoba)
185
Cheryl-Anne Carr (Communist)
63
Flor Marcelino
Minto Andrew Swan
2,954
Belinda Squance
1,016
Demetre Balaktsis
723
Martha Jo Willard
410
Andrew Taylor (Communist)
41
Virgil Gil (Manitoba)
51
Don Woodstock (Ind)
589
Andrew Swan
River Heights Shafagh Daneshfar
591
Tracey Maconachie
3,485
Jon Gerrard
5,230
Michael Cardillo
771
Jon Gerrard
Wolseley Rob Altemeyer
3,037
Raquel Dancho
945
Shandi Strong
653
David Nickarz
2,645
Wayne Sturby (Manitoba)
79
Rob Altemeyer

South Winnipeg

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Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
NDP PC Liberal Green Other
Fort Richmond Kerri Irvin-Ross
2,274
Sarah Guillemard
2,879
Kyra Wilson
814
Cameron Proulx
540
Kerri Irvin-Ross
Fort Whyte George Wong
1,718
Brian Pallister
6,775
Peter Bastians
1,205
Carli Runions
731
Daryl Newis (Manitoba)
127
Brian Pallister
Riel Christine Melnick
3,053
Rochelle Squires
5,024
Neil Johnston
1,627
Christine Melnick
Seine River Lise Pinkos
2,343
Janice Morley-Lecomte
5,396
Peter Chura
2,388
Theresa Oswald
Southdale Dashi Zargani
2,460
Andrew Smith
6,663
Ryan Colyer
1,318
vacant
St. Norbert Dave Gaudreau
3,062
Jon Reyes
4,673
James Bloomfield
1,251
Narinder Kaur Johar
174
Dave Gaudreau
St. Vital Jamie Moses
2,831
Colleen Mayer
3,229
Bryan Van Wilgenburg
1,296
Kelly Whelan-Enns
791
Nancy Allan


Notes

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  1. ^ Erin Selby (Southdale) and Peter Bjornson (Gimli) resigned their seats in 2015.[10] No by-elections were called and their seats remained vacant.

References

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  1. ^ Voting in a Manitoba Provincial Election Archived February 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  2. ^ "Brian Pallister's PCs win majority government in Manitoba". CBC News. April 19, 2016.
  3. ^ Elections Act, sec. 49.1(2).
  4. ^ Elections Act, sec. 49.1(3).
  5. ^ Elections Act, sec. 49.1(1).
  6. ^ "'Choices are clear:' Selinger makes April 19 Manitoba election official". CTV News. March 16, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  7. ^ a b "Manitoba election results 2016". Global News. April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Voters don't trust leaders, but Pallister fares better than rivals: poll". Winnipeg Free Press, April 9, 2016.
  9. ^ "Manitobans go to the polls in provincial election". CBC News. April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  10. ^ Owen, Bruce (April 29, 2015). "Selinger's shuffle making the best of a bad situation". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  11. ^ "Demoted Manitoba politician, Jim Rondeau, to leave politics". Global News. April 13, 2015.
  12. ^ "Former Manitoba cabinet minister not running". Global News. May 13, 2015.
  13. ^ CBC News Manitoba, 24-11-2015
  14. ^ "Longtime NDP MLA Nancy Allan announces retirement". Winnipeg Free Press. May 28, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  15. ^ a b "MLA Leanne Rowat will not seek reelection". Winnipeg Free Press. September 11, 2014.
  16. ^ "River East MLA Bonnie Mitchelson Announces Retirement". CJOB. October 17, 2014.

Opinion poll sources

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  1. ^ "Two Thirds of Manitobans Want a Change of Government". Archived from the original on April 27, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ "Voter Intentions Remain Unchanged in the Final Weekend Before the Manitoba Provincial Election". April 18, 2016.
  3. ^ Progressive Conservatives to take more than half the vote Forum Research Inc.
  4. ^ "Manitoba's choice". mainstreetresearch.ca. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  5. ^ "Manitoba Progressive Conservatives Hold Sizeable Lead". Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ^ "680 CJOB - Winnipeg's News & Information Leader".
  7. ^ "Liberals Slide, PCS Lead as Election Nears End".
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "Poll suggests Tories hold solid support as Manitoba election approaches". CBC. March 31, 2016.
  10. ^ "Tenuous Tie Continues in Winnipeg".
  11. ^ "Forum research Inc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  12. ^ "Dead Heat in Winnipeg".
  13. ^ "Mainstreet - Manitoba February 22 | PDF | Opinion Poll | Politics Of Canada". Scribd.
  14. ^ "Mainstreet - Manitoba February 16 | PDF | Opinion Poll | Political Parties". Scribd.
  15. ^ "PCS Dominating in Manitoba".
  16. ^ "PCS Lead, Liberals Second in Manitoba".
  17. ^ "680 CJOB - Winnipeg's News & Information Leader". December 30, 2015. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016.
  18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ^ "Nov 2014: Most Manitobans say Selinger should resign: Poll". Winnipeg Free Press. November 4, 2014.
  23. ^ Owen, Bruce (October 9, 2014). "Oct 2014: Liberals only gainers in latest poll numbers". Winnipeg Free Press.
  24. ^ Kusch, Larry (April 7, 2014). "Apr 2014: Tories keep top spot in survey". Winnipeg Free Press.
  25. ^ "680 CJOB - Winnipeg's News & Information Leader".
  26. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ "New opinion poll suggests Manitoba's NDP government still low in popular support | Metro". metronews.ca. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  28. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 12, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading

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  • Levasseur, Karine; Rounce, Andrea; Ferguson, Barry; Koop, Royce, eds. (2019). Understanding the Manitoba Election 2016: Campaigns, Participation, Issues, Place. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-548-0.
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