Events in 1881 in animation.
Events
edit- Specific date unknown:
- In 1881, Eadweard Muybridge first visited Étienne-Jules Marey's studio in France and viewed stop-motion studies before returning to the United States to further his own work in the same area.[1] The Chronophotography of Muybridge and Marey was a predecessor to cinematography and the moving film. It also had a profound influence on the beginnings of Cubism and Futurism. Chronophotography involved a series or succession of different images, originally created and used for the scientific study of movement. [2] [3]
- In 1881, Ottomar Anschütz created his first instantaneous photographs. By 1882, he had developed a portable camera that allowed shutter speeds as short as 1/1000 of a second. The quality of his pictures was generally regarded to be much higher than that of the chronophotography works of Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey.[4]By 1886, Anschütz had developed the Electrotachyscope, an early device that displayed short motion picture loops with 24 glass plate photographs on a 1.5 meter wide rotating wheel that was hand-cranked to the speed of circa 30 frames per second. Different versions were shown at many international exhibitions, fairs, conventions and arcades from 1887 until at least 1894. [5][4]
- In 1881, Eadweard Muybridge collected his chronophotographic pictures in the portfolio The Attitudes of Animals in Motion, showcasing a technique that resembles stop motion. Muybridge kept the edition very limited because of his plans for related book projects with Leland Stanford and Étienne-Jules Marey.[6]
Births
editAugust
edit- August 28: Joseph Rosenberg, Hungarian-American bank executive (approved loans to the Walt Disney Animation Studios and influenced the animation studio's decision making, approved loans for the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, issued a 1941 ultimatum which restricted the Disney studio to only produce new animation shorts and to finish the animated features which were already in production, with no other new productions allowed), (d. 1971).[7][8][9][10]
October
edit- October 20: Norman Whitten, English silent film producer, director, and actor (founder of the General Film Supply company (GFS), credited for creating Ireland's first animated film), (d. 1969).[11][12][13]
December
edit- December 8: Padraic Colum, Irish folklorist, novelist, playwright, poet, and children's writer (screenwriter for the stop-motion animated film Hansel and Gretel: An Opera Fantasy), (d. 1972).[14][15] [16]
References
edit- ^ Brookman, Philip; Marta Braun; Andy Grundberg; Corey Keller; Rebecca Solnit (2010). Helios : Eadweard Muybridge in a time of change. [Göttingen, Germany]: Steidl. p. 91. ISBN 9783865219268.
- ^ Tomkins, Calvin (1996). Duchamp: A Biography. U.S.: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-8050-5789-7
- ^ Étienne-Jules Marey, La Science du mouvement et l'image du temps Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, (The Science of mouvement and the image of time)
- ^ a b Rossell, Deac. "The Exhibition of Moving Pictures before 1896".
- ^ Rossell, Deac. "The Anschuetz Zoetropes".
- ^ Braun, Marta (2012-01-01). Eadweard Muybridge. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-000-9.
- ^ Bob Thomas. Walt Disney: An American Original. Simon & Schuster, 1976
- ^ Gabler 2006, p. 376.
- ^ Barrier 1999, p. 309.
- ^ JH Rosenberg, Banker, 89, dies. NY Times. July 1, 1971
- ^ Roddy Flynn and Tony Tracy, Historical Dictionary of Irish Cinema, Rowman & Littlefield (2019) – Google Books p. xxii
- ^ Ruth Barton, Irish National Cinema, Routledge (2004) – Google Books p. 15
- ^ England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995 for Norman Hughes Chapler Whitten: 1969 – Ancestry.com (subscription required)
- ^ "Biodata". Poemhunter.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ "The Padraic and Mary Colum Collection, 1890-1997 | Binghamton University Libraries". Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ^ [1][dead link]
Sources
edit- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802079-0.
- Gabler, Neal (2006). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-75747-4.