In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).[2]
Haplogroup D | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | ca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP |
Possible place of origin | East Asia |
Ancestor | M80'D |
Descendants | D4, 16189 |
Defining mutations | 4883 5178A 16362[1] |
In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central[3] and Northeast Asia.[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).[5]
Subclades
editThere are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.
D4
editD1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland,[6] is a branch of D4b1c.
D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese,[7][8][9][10] Okinawans,[8] Koreans,[8][11] northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou[12]), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,[13] Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner,[14] and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner.[14] D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic,[13][15] and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.[16] It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan[24]
- D4* - China, Mongol from Heilongjiang and Hebei,[25] Korea, Japan, Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece
- D1 – America
- D1a – Colombia
- D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
- D1a2 – Guaraní
- D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
- D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
- D1d
- D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
- D1d2 – Mexican
- D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
- D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
- D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
- D1f2 – Colombia
- D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
- D1g – Southern Cone of South America
- D1g1
- D1g1a
- D1g1b
- D1g2
- D1g2a
- D1g3
- D1g4
- D1g5
- D1g6
- D1g1
- D1h
- D1h1 – Mexican
- D1h2 – Mexican
- D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
- D1i1 – Mexican
- D1i2 – Mexican
- D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
- D1j1
- D1j1a
- D1j1a1 – Argentina
- D1j1a2
- D1j1a
- D1j1
- D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
- D1m – Mexican
- D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
- D1r – Peru
- D1u
- D1u1 – Peru
- D1a – Colombia
- D4a – China,[26] Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang,[25] Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),[27] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),[27] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana),[28] Pakistan (Saraiki),[29] Mongolia[28]
- D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi[30]
- D4a2 – Japan, Korea
- D4a2a – Japan, Korea
- D4a2b – Japan
- D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao[25]
- D4a3a
- D4a3b
- D4a4 – Japan
- D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State[32]), China (Zhejiang,[32] Chamdo,[32] Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao[25])
- D4a6 - China[36] (Eastern China,[37] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34]), Mauritius[38]
- D4a-b
- D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand[45])
- D4b1
- D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing,[25] etc.)
- D4b1a
- D4b1a* – China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Heilongjiang[25]), South Korea, Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province)
- D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan
- D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan
- D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
- D4b1a2a
- D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing)
- D4b1a2a1 – China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland[46]), Canada, Native American (USA)
- D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan
- D4b1a2a
- D4b1b'd
- D4b1c
- D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
- D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
- D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
- D3b – Oroqen
- D3c
- D3c* – Buryat
- D3c1
- D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
- D3c1a
- D3c1a1
- D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
- D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
- D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
- D3c1a1
- D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
- D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
- D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
- D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama,[47] China (Mongol from Hebei[25]), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
- D4b2a – Japan
- D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
- D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
- D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia,[25] Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province[27]), Saudi Arabia
- D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
- D4b2b1a – Japan
- D4b2b1b – Japan
- D4b2b1c – Japan
- D4b2b1d – Japan
- D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang,[25] Tujia, Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
- D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
- D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
- D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
- D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
- D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
- D4b2b3 – Japan
- D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
- D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
- D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing, Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Korea, Armenian
- D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
- D4b2b8 – Uyghur
- D4b2b9
- D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
- D4b2b9a
- D4b2b9a* – Buryat
- D4b2b9a1 – China
- D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
- D4b2c
- D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
- D4b2a – Japan
- D4b1
- D4c
- D4c1 – Uyghur
- D4c1a – Japan, Korea
- D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
- D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
- D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
- D4c1b2 – Japan
- D4c1a – Japan, Korea
- D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng[25]
- D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
- D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
- D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
- D4c2c – Japan
- D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
- D4c1 – Uyghur
- D4d – Japan, Korea
- D4e
- D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
- D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province[27]), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] Mongol from Inner Mongolia,[25] etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
- D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang[25]
- D2a'b
- D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
- D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
- D2a1a – Aleut
- D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
- D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
- D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
- D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir[25]
- D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
- D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
- D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
- D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
- D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
- D2c – Buryat
- D2a'b
- D4e1c – Mexican
- D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
- D4e2a – Japan, Korea
- D4e2b – Japan
- D4e2c – Japan
- D4e2d – Japan
- D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek),[27] China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao,[25] Lachungpa
- D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi,[30] Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
- D4e5
- D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (Aichi)
- D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin), Even (Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (Artux), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Mongol from Fuxin and Heilongjiang[25]
- D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
- D4f – Shor
- D4g
- D4g* – Japan, Korea
- D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan
- D4g2 – China, Mongols in China (Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol[25])
- D4g2a – Japan
- D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province[27]), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing,[25] Fuxin[25]), Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4g2a1a – Japan
- D4g2a1b – China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province)
- D4g2a1c – Thailand (Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province[27]), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir
- D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province[27]), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing,[25] Fuxin[25]), Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4g2b – China, Buryat
- D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
- D4g2b1a – Japan
- D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
- D4g2a – Japan
- D4h
- D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province[27]), Philippines
- D4h1
- D4h2 – Ulchi
- D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province[27])[48]
- D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[49][50] and Colombia.[51]
- D4h3a1 – Chile
- D4h3a1a – Chile
- D4h3a1a1 – Chile
- D4h3a1a2 – Chile
- D4h3a1a – Chile
- D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
- D4h3a3 – Chile
- D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
- D4h3a4 – Peru
- D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
- D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
- D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
- D4h3a8 – Mexico
- D4h3a9 – Peru
- D4h3a1 – Chile
- D4h3b – China
- D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[49][50] and Colombia.[51]
- D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur,[25] Hinggan[25])
- D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
- D4i
- D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
- D4i1 – Japan
- D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
- D4i3
- D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
- D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
- D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
- D4i5 – Japan
- D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng,[25] Hohhot,[25] Tianjin,[25] Tongliao[25]), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
- D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
- D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
- D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
- D4j1a1b – Toto
- D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
- D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
- D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
- D4j1b2 – Gallong
- D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,[52] Dolgan[52]
- D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)[53]
- D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
- D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic[52]), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin,[53] Iengra River basin[53])
- D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,[52] Iengra River basin[53]), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin[52])
- D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan),[54] Uyghur, Kyrgyz,[55] Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut,[53][52] Yukaghir,[52] Even (Sakha Republic),[53][52] Evenk (Sakha Republic)[52]
- D4j-T146C!
- D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
- D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
- D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League[25])
- D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
- D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),[52] Yakut,[52] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
- D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
- D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
- D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
- D4j14 – Japan
- D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng[25]), Kazakhstan
- D4j16 – China
- D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
- D4k'o'p
- D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
- D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat[48]
- D4o1
- D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi,[30] China (Han from Lanzhou[12])
- D4o2* – Mongols in China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia,[48] Mongol from Hinggan League,[25] Mongol from Hohhot[25])
- D4o2a – Manchu
- D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka),[53] Koryak[53]
- D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China
- D4o2a2 – Yakut,[53] Uyghur, ancient Yana River basin
- D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[48] Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai)[56]
- D4p
- D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
- D4p1 – Japan
- D4p2 – Buryat
- D4l
- D4l1
- D4l1a – Japan
- D4l1a1 – Japan
- D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
- D4l1a – Japan
- D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur,[32] Kazakh[32]
- D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
- D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
- D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
- D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
- D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
- D4l1
- D4m
- D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai)[23]
- D4m1 – Japan
- D4m2 – Mongolia, Mongols in China (Hohhot,[25] Tongliao[25]), South Korea
- D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,[59]Artux[55]), Uyghur
- D4n
- D4q – Taiwan,[31] China,[32] Mongols in China (Fuxin[25]), Kyrgyz,[59] Tajiks,[59] India (Jammu and Kashmir),[32] Germany,[31] Poland,[31] Netherlands,[31] United States[31]
- D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
- D4s
- D4t – China, Korea, Japan
- D4u
- D4v – Thailand[27]
- D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
- D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
- D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
- D4z – China
D5'6
editD5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.[64][65][66] It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%[52]) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.[52]
- D5 - Taiwan (Paiwan)[67]
- D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean,[68] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[45]
- D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
- D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5a1a - Japan
- D5a1a1 - Japan
- D5a1a2 - Japan
- D5a1a - Japan
- D5a2 - Gallong, Mongols in China (Baotou[25]), Korea (TMRCA 12,500 [95% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100] ybp[32])
- D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast,[32] Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang,[25] Hohhot[25]), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
- D5a2a1 - Mongols in China (Tongliao,[25] Beijing,[25] Chifeng,[25] Fuxin,[25] Hohhot,[25] Shandong[25]), China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Tibet (Monpa, Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
- D5-C16172T! - Burusho,[57] Tubalar,[23] Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig[69]), Buryat (South Siberia,[48] Inner Mongolia[56]), Wancho, Gallong, Monpa,[60] Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku[67]), Thailand (Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province[27]), China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Taiwan
- D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari,[61] Gallong,[61] China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux),[55] Mongols in China (Hohhot,[25] Tongliao[25])
- D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan)
- D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000] ybp[32])
- D5a2a1 - Mongols in China (Tongliao,[25] Beijing,[25] Chifeng,[25] Fuxin,[25] Hohhot,[25] Shandong[25]), China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Tibet (Monpa, Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
- D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
- D5a2b - Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province), Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet (Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500] ybp[32])
- D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast,[32] Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang,[25] Hohhot[25]), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5a3 - Tibet, Mongol (Dalian[25]), Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 [95% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100] ybp[32])
- D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5b - Uyghur, China, Mongol (Chifeng[25])
- D5b1
- D5b1* - China, Uyghur, Mongol (Hulunbuir,[25] Jilin,[25] Tongliao[25])
- D5b1a
- D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, etc.)
- D5b1a2 - Japan
- D5b1b
- D5b1c
- D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming)
- D5b1c1 - China, Mongol (Chifeng[25]), Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh)
- D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
- D5b1c1a
- D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, etc.), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore)
- D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, etc.)
- D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi)
- D5b1c1b - China
- D5b1c2 - Uyghur
- D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Mongol (Ordos[25]), Yakut[52][57]
- D5b1e - China
- D5b1f - China
- D5b2 - Japan
- D5b3
- D5b3* - Vietnam (Kinh, Tay), Thailand (Phuan), Laos (Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
- D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma)
- D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
- D5b3b - Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
- D5b4 - Thailand (Siamese, Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, etc.), China (Han)
- D5b5 - Uyghur
- D5b1
- D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
- D5c
- D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean,[68] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[45]
- D6
- D6a - Philippines, East Timor
- D6a1
- D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan
- D6a1a - China, Japan
- D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines
- D6a1
- D6c - China (She people, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Phutai from Kalasin Province)
- D6c1 - Philippines
- D6c1a - Philippines (Maranao)
- D6c1 - Philippines
- D6a - Philippines, East Timor
Table of frequencies by ethnic group
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2024) |
Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ban Ravat (Uttarakhand) | 1.000 | 38 | [citation needed] | D4=38 |
Aleut (Commander Islands) | 1.000 | 36 | [23] | D2a1a=36 |
Orok (Sakhalin) | 0.689 | 61 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=41, D5=1 |
Aleut (Aleutian Islands) | 0.656 | 163 | [23] | D2a1a=107 |
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) | 0.550 | 40 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni | 0.479 | 94 | [18] | D=45 |
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.438 | 16 | [3] | D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2 |
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) | 0.432 | 44 | [14] | D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Subba (Limbu) | 0.432 | 44 | [citation needed] | D4=19 |
Japanese (Hokkaidō) | 0.415 | 217 | Asari 2007 | D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1 |
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) | 0.414 | 256 | [8] | D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3 |
Japanese | 0.412 | 211 | [7] | D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1 |
Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.411 | 282 | [8] | D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2 |
Northern Paiute | 0.408 | 98 | [17] | D=40 |
Japanese (Japan) | 0.401 | 1928 | [72] | D4=705, D5=68 |
Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.399 | 336 | [8] | D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.398 | 103 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8 |
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.396 | 48 | [14] | D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1 |
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) | 0.390 | 154 | [52] | D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1 |
Japanese (Japan) | 0.389 | 672 | [73] | D4 (xD4e, D4g, D4h)=111, D4a=42, D4b=79, D5=30 |
Okinawa | 0.383 | 326 | [8] | D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4 |
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.375 | 24 | [63] | D=9 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.364 | 261 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7 |
Japanese (Tokyo) | 0.356 | 118 | [10] | D4=39, D5=3 |
Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.356 | 149 | [13] | D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1 |
Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.349 | 295 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2 |
Buryat | 0.348 | 419 | [48] | D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3 |
Korean (Ulsan) | 0.342 | 1094 | [74] | D=374 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.340 | 203 | [8] | D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6 |
Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.333 | 99 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1 |
Korean (northern China) | 0.333 | 51 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1 |
Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.333 | 48 | [14] | D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5 |
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) | 0.329 | 164 | [52] | D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.326 | 850 | [75] | D4a(xD4a1, D4a2, D4a3)=64, D4b1=6, D4b2=36, D4e1=9, D4e2=17, D4f1=18, D4g1=16, D4j=12, D4(xD4g2)=49, D5=50 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.324 | 185 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1 |
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.323 | 31 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.322 | 593 | [76] | D=7, D4=93, D4a=30, D4b=30, D5=31 |
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.319 | 47 | [14] | D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1 |
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.301 | 73 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4 |
Han (Beijing) | 0.300 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2 |
Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.300 | 100 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1 |
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.300 | 20 | [3] | D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1 |
Yakut | 0.299 | 117 | [14] | D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) | 0.297 | 111 | [52] | D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1 |
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.296 | 27 | [19] | D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) | 0.292 | 137 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5 |
Nganasan | 0.292 | 24 | [citation needed] | D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3 |
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) | 0.291 | 110 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2 |
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.286 | 56 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16 |
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) | 0.286 | 35 | [63] | D=10 |
Daur (Hulunbuir) | 0.282 | 209 | [77] | D4(xD4c, D4j, D4m)=42, D2b=1, D5=16, |
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky) | 0.280 | 125 | [52] | D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1 |
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.275 | 160 | [8] | D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1 |
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.273 | 33 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1 |
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.267 | 15 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=4 |
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) | 0.265 | 98 | [13] | D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4 |
Tubalar (Altai Republic) | 0.264 | 144 | [78] | D4b1a2a1=10, D4j=6, D4o=6, D4(xD4l, D4m)=9, D5c=7 |
Yakut (northern Yakutia) | 0.257 | 148 | [52] | D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1 |
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya) | 0.256 | 39 | [23] | D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1 |
Han (Xinjiang) | 0.255 | 47 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.255 | 47 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=12 |
Nuu-Chah-Nulth | 0.255 | 102 | [17] | D=26 |
Han (southern California) | 0.254 | 390 | [63] | D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18 |
Manchurian | 0.250 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) | 0.248 | 105 | [52] | D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1 |
Tubalar (Altai Republic) | 0.245 | 143 | [79] | D4=28, D5=7 |
Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.245 | 53 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1 |
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) | 0.244 | 45 | [14] | D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2 |
Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.244 | 45 | [15] | D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.243 | 1117 | [63] | D=271 |
Negidal | 0.242 | 33 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8 |
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.240 | 50 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Ainu | 0.235 | 51 | [citation needed] | D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4 |
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.231 | 91 | [8] | D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1 |
Mongolian (Dornod Province) | 0.230 | 370 | [80] | D2b=6, D4a=7, D4b=12, D4(xD4e, D4o)=34, D4j=19, D5a=6, D5b=1 |
Darjeeling (general population) | 0.227 | 66 | [citation needed] | D4=13 D5=2 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.226 | 31 | [citation needed] | D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1 |
Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.224 | 58 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.222 | 36 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1 |
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) | 0.222 | 18 | [23] | D5a1=3, D6=1 |
Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.219 | 64 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Ulchi | 0.218 | 87 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2 |
Han (Beijing Normal University) | 0.215 | 121 | [10] | D4=15, D5=11 |
Vietnamese | 0.214 | 42 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Mongolian (Khentii Province) | 0.212 | 132 | [80] | D4=1, D4b=4, D4e=3, D4g=3, D4h=2, D4j=2, D4m=1, D4o=8, D5a=4 |
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan) | 0.211 | 71 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1 |
Telengit (Altai Republic) | 0.211 | 71 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=15 |
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.208 | 24 | [19] | D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) | 0.207 | 246 | [80] | D1j=1, D4a=5, D4b=3, D4c=10, D4e=3, D4(xD4g, D4h, D4l, D4m, D4o)=11, D4j=11, D5a=5, D5b=2 |
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) | 0.207 | 29 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1 |
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) | 0.207 | 29 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2 |
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.204 | 49 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Kyrgyz (Xinjiang) | 0.203 | 138 | [16] | D4(xD4b,D4e)=20 D5=4 D4b=2 D4e=2 |
Siberian Eskimos | 0.203 | 79 | [citation needed] | D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin) |
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.200 | 20 | [3] | D(xD4c)=4 |
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.200 | 20 | [3] | D(xD4c)=4 |
Ulch people | 0.200 | 160 | [citation needed] | D4=18, D4o=13, D5=1 |
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.200 | 30 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6 |
Buryat | 0.198 | 126 | [14] | D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Mongolian (Khovd Province) | 0.198 | 429 | [80] | D2b=1, D4a=1, D4b1=6, D4b1a2a1=4, D4b1c=4, D4b2a2a=6, D4b2d=8, D4(xD4c, D4e, D4g, G4h, D4m, D4o)=29, D4j=10, D5a1=1, D5a2a=11, D5b=4 |
Mongolian (Mongolia) | 0.197 | 2420 | [80] | D4b=76, D4c=68, D4j=64, D4(xD1, D2)=199, D5(xD6)=71 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.196 | 102 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Kazakh (Zhetysu) | 0.195 | 200 | [81] | D1=1, D4=32, D5=6 |
Tubalar | 0.194 | 72 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1 |
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.194 | 103 | [19] | D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.191 | 68 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4 |
Mansi | 0.190 | 63 | [4] | D=12 |
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.190 | 42 | [19] | D(xD5)=7, D5a=1 |
Khasi | 0.190 | 368 | [citation needed] | D4=48 D(xD4, D5a)=22 |
Mizo | 0.188 | 48 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Nyishi | 0.188 | 48 | [citation needed] | D4=7 D5=2 |
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.188 | 16 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.185 | 54 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1 |
Poumai Naga | 0.184 | 49 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Kazakh (Kazakhstan) | 0.182 | 55 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.179 | 39 | [19] | D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Han (Denver) | 0.178 | 73 | [10] | D4=10, D5=3 |
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) | 0.171 | 82 | [23] | D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1 |
Sherpa (India) | 0.167 | 54 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 36 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6 |
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.167 | 30 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Yakama | 0.167 | 42 | [17] | D=7 |
Bhotia (Uttarakhand) | 0.164 | 55 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Han (Hunan & Fujian) | 0.164 | 55 | [10] | D4=6, D5=2, D6=1 |
Uyghur (Kazakhstan) | 0.164 | 55 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9 |
Khanty | 0.160 | 106 | [4] | D=17 |
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk) | 0.160 | 25 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4 |
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.158 | 19 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Khakassians (Khakassia) | 0.158 | 57 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=9 |
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.156 | 32 | [19] | D(xD5)=5 |
Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.156 | 45 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6, D5a=1 |
Altai (Altai Republic) | 0.155 | 110 | [82] | D=17 |
Tuvinian (Tuva) | 0.152 | 105 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1 |
Nogai (Daghestan) | 0.152 | 33 | [citation needed] | D=5 |
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.150 | 40 | [19] | D(xD5)=6 |
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.150 | 20 | [3] | D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1 |
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.150 | 40 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.150 | 20 | [citation needed] | D(xD4b, D5)=3 |
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) | 0.146 | 130 | [citation needed] | D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3 |
Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.146 | 48 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=7 |
Bella Coola | 0.143 | 84 | [17] | D=12 |
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) | 0.143 | 35 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=5 |
Tuvan | 0.137 | 95 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1 |
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) | 0.136 | 44 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1 |
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) | 0.136 | 22 | [52] | D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1 |
Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.133 | 15 | [15] | D2=2 |
Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.132 | 53 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=7 |
Sema Naga | 0.130 | 54 | [citation needed] | D4=7 |
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.128 | 47 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1 |
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.127 | 55 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1 |
Chakhesang Naga | 0.127 | 55 | [citation needed] | D4=7 |
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic) | 0.126 | 324 | [79] | D4=39, D5=2 |
Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.122 | 82 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1 |
Chukchi | 0.121 | 66 | [citation needed] | D2=7, D3=1 |
Bunu (19 Bu Nu from Dahua & 6 Mu Bin from Tianlin) | 0.120 | 25 | [19] | D(xD5)=2, D5a=1 |
Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.120 | 25 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=3 |
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky) | 0.119 | 101 | [citation needed] | D=12 |
Karelian (Viena) | 0.115 | 87 | [citation needed] | D5=10 |
Tibetan refugees in India | 0.112 | 107 | [citation needed] | D4=9 D5=3 |
Sulawesi (89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) | 0.110 | 237 | [21] | D5=20, D(xD5)=6 |
Han (Taiwanese) | 0.108 | 111 | [citation needed] | D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1 |
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.106 | 47 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=5 |
Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.106 | 47 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Ao Naga | 0.106 | 66 | [citation needed] | D4=5 D5=1 D(xD4,D5)=1 |
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.100 | 20 | [3] | D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1 |
Khasi | 0.100 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4=4 |
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.100 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2 |
Tatar (Aznakayevo) | 0.099 | 71 | [citation needed] | D=7 |
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) | 0.094 | 32 | [23] | D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1 |
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) | 0.094 | 32 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) | 0.090 | 221 | [citation needed] | D=20 |
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.090 | 133 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5 |
Altay Kizhi | 0.089 | 90 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2 |
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.086 | 35 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Mansi | 0.082 | 98 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1 |
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.081 | 37 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.077 | 26 | [19] | D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Hmong (Northern Thailand) | 0.076 | 158 | [citation needed] | D4e1a3=9 D4e1a=1 D4b=1 D5b4=1 |
Thai | 0.075 | 40 | [citation needed] | D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1 |
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.075 | 40 | [3] | D(xD4c)=3 |
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.073 | 41 | [19] | D(xD5)=3 |
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.071 | 28 | [citation needed] | D(xD4b, D5)=2 |
Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.071 | 56 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=4 |
Ambon | 0.070 | 43 | [21] | D(xD5)=2, D5=1 |
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.069 | 29 | [citation needed] | D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1 |
Tajik (Tajikistan) | 0.068 | 44 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1 |
Turkmen (Afghanistan) | 0.067 | 75 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4j)=4 D4j=1 |
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.063 | 16 | [3] | D(xD4c)=1 |
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.057 | 35 | [19] | D(xD5)=2 |
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.056 | 18 | [citation needed] | D5(xD5a)=1 |
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District) | 0.054 | 74 | [citation needed] | D=4 |
Taono O'odham | 0.054 | 37 | [18] | D=2 |
Taiwan aborigines | 0.053 | 640 | [65] | D5'6=26, D4=8 |
Apache | 0.053 | 38 | [18] | D=2 |
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.053 | 19 | [63] | D=1 |
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.053 | 19 | [19] | D(xD5)=1 |
Li (Hainan) | 0.052 | 346 | [65] | D5'6=13, D4=5 |
Hazara (Afghanistan) | 0.051 | 78 | [citation needed] | D4j=2 D4(xD4j)=2 |
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.051 | 157 | [21] | D5=7, D(xD5)=1 |
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | [3] | D(xD4c)=1 |
Karelian (Tver) | 0.049 | 61 | [citation needed] | D5=2, D(xD5)=1 |
Tatar (Buinsk) | 0.048 | 126 | [citation needed] | D=6 |
Thailand | 0.048 | 105 | [22] | D=5 |
Uzbek (Afghanistan) | 0.047 | 127 | [citation needed] | D4j=2 D4(xD4j)=2 D5'6=2 |
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.044 | 45 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=2 |
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.042 | 24 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1 |
Tajik (Afghanistan) | 0.041 | 146 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4j)=4 D4j=1 D5'6=1 |
Changpa | 0.040 | 50 | [citation needed] | D4=1 D5=1 |
Chuvash (Morgaushsky) | 0.036 | 55 | [citation needed] | D=2 |
Cun (Hainan) | 0.033 | 30 | [65] | D4=1 |
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.032 | 31 | [19] | D(xD5)=1 |
Filipino | 0.031 | 64 | [66] | D5b=1, D6=1 |
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.031 | 32 | [19] | D(xD5)=1 |
Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.029 | 70 | [66] | D6=2 |
Karelian (Aunus) | 0.028 | 218 | [citation needed] | D5=6 |
Ket | 0.026 | 38 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1 |
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky) | 0.026 | 228 | [citation needed] | D=6 |
Persian (eastern Iran) | 0.024 | 82 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1 |
Lombok (Mataram) | 0.023 | 44 | [21] | D5=1 |
Filipino (Luzon) | 0.023 | 177 | [66] | D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1 |
Alor | 0.022 | 45 | [21] | D(xD5)=1 |
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.018 | 168 | [citation needed] | D4=3 |
Mari (Zvenigovsky) | 0.015 | 136 | [citation needed] | D=2 |
Koryak | 0.013 | 155 | [citation needed] | D3=2 |
Bali | 0.012 | 82 | [21] | D5=1 |
Pashtun (Afghanistan) | 0.011 | 90 | [citation needed] | D4j=1 |
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky) | 0.010 | 102 | [citation needed] | D=1 |
Filipino (Visayas) | 0.009 | 112 | [66] | D6=1 |
Kiliwa | 0.000 | 7 | [18] | - |
Seri | 0.000 | 8 | [18] | - |
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 10 | [19] | - |
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 11 | [19] | - |
Cochimí | 0.000 | 13 | [18] | - |
Filipino (Palawan) | 0.000 | 20 | [citation needed] | - |
River Yuman | 0.000 | 22 | [18] | - |
Delta Yuman | 0.000 | 23 | [18] | - |
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 24 | [citation needed] | - |
Zuni | 0.000 | 26 | [18] | - |
Pai Yuman | 0.000 | 27 | [18] | - |
Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | [20] | - |
Batak (Palawan) | 0.000 | 31 | [citation needed] | - |
Lingao (Hainan) | 0.000 | 31 | [65] | - |
Nahua | 0.000 | 31 | [18] | - |
Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | [20] | - |
Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | [20] | - |
Jemez | 0.000 | 36 | [18] | - |
Akimal O’odham | 0.000 | 43 | [18] | - |
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger) | 0.000 | 46 | [21] | - |
Tofalar | 0.000 | 46 | [citation needed] | - |
Udegey | 0.000 | 46 | [citation needed] | - |
Itelmen | 0.000 | 47 | [citation needed] | - |
Sumba (Waingapu) | 0.000 | 50 | [21] | - |
Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | [20] | - |
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia) | 0.000 | 52 | [20] | - |
Filipino | 0.000 | 61 | [21] | - |
Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 61 | [20] | - |
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky) | 0.000 | 62 | [citation needed] | - |
Navajo | 0.000 | 64 | [18] | - |
Sumatra | 0.000 | 180 | [21] | - |
Famous members
edit- Ruth Simmons is a member of haplogroup D1.[83]
- Comedian and actress Margaret Cho is in haplogroup D5a2a1b.[84]
See also
edit- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
- Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
References
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External links
edit- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Haplogroup D
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree D
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup D
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup D
- FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup D
- FamilyTreeDNA's D mtDNA Haplogroup project
- Spread of Haplogroup D, from National Geographic
- Chatters, J. C.; Kennett, D. J.; Asmerom, Y.; Kemp, B. M.; Polyak, V.; Blank, A. N.; Beddows, P. A.; Reinhardt, E.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Bolnick, D. A.; Malhi, R. S.; Culleton, B. J.; Erreguerena, P. L.; Rissolo, D.; Morell-Hart, S.; Stafford, T. W. (16 May 2014). "Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans". Science. 344 (6185): 750–754. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..750C. doi:10.1126/science.1252619. PMID 24833392. S2CID 206556297.