Haplogroup I (mtDNA)
| Haplogroup I | |
| Possible time of origin | 20,857 ± 3,594 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | West Asia (Terreros 2011 and Fernandes 2012) |
| Ancestor | N1e'I |
| Descendants | I1, I2'3, I4, I5, I6 |
|---|---|
| Defining mutations | T10034C, G16129A!, G16391A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
In human population genetics, mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroups define the major lineages of direct maternal (female) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a predominately Eurasian lineage.
Origin
Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1e'I (Behar 2012b) and sibling of haplogroup N1e (Behar 2012b). It is believed to have arisen somewhere in Eurasia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (Behar 2012b). It has been suggested that its origin may be in northern Iran or in Europe towards the Carpathian Mountain region where its highest frequency is found (Terreros 2011).
The distribution of haplogroup I also differs between the northern (9.7%) and southern (1.7%) regions of Iran. This incongruence is significant at a 0.05 (Po0.03) but not following the application of the Bonferroni adjustment (Supplementary Table 3). It is noteworthy that, with the exception of its northern neighbor Azerbaijan, IN is the only population in which haplogroup I exhibits polymorphic levels. Also, a contour plot based on the regional phylogeographic distribution of the I haplogroup exhibits frequency clines consistent with an Iranian cradle (panel I in Figure 3a). Moreover, when compared with other populations in the region, those from the Levant (Iraq, Syria and Palestine) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and UAE) exhibit significantly lower proportions of I individuals (1–2%; Supplementary Table 3). It should be noted that this haplogroup has been detected in European groups (Krk, a tiny island off the coast of Croatia (11.3%),78 and Lemko, an isolate from the Carpathian Highlands (11.3%)79) at comparable frequencies to those observed in the North Iranian population. However, the higher frequencies of the haplogroup within Europe are found in geographical isolates and are likely the result of founder effects and/or drift.79 In addition, several studies 5,34,36,80 report the Middle East as the origin of this haplogroup, but for unknown reasons, the prevalence of this lineage in the region has been lost. Thus, it is plausible that the high levels of haplogroup I present in IN may be the result of a localized enrichment through the action of genetic drift or may signal geographical proximity to the location of origin.
Terreros 2011
Some argue that it may have been one of the first haplogroups to move into Europe.[citation needed]
Distribution
Haplogroup I is found at very low frequencies (generally < 3%) throughout Europe, West Asia and South Asia (Fernandes 2012). This spread is thought to be the product of multiple migration waves from the Arabian Gulf region, Anatolia, and southeast Europe (Fernandes 2012).
Finally, ∼30 ka ago, N1e split from haplogroup I. The three N1e sequences in the tree are located in the Arabian Peninsula and Russia. Haplogroup I, which is by far the most frequent clade within N1, dates to ∼25 ka ago and is overall most frequent in Europe (Figure 2A), but the facts that it has a frequency peak in the Gulf region and that its highest diversity values are in the Gulf, Anatolia, and southeast Europe suggest that its origin is most likely in the Near East and/or Arabia (Figures S4A and S5A). A subhaplogroup of I5a shows a recent tight founder effect ∼2 ka ago on Soqotra, an island that is found in the Gulf of Aden and which was settled during the Holocene.27 I4 and I2′I3, dating to 10–15 ka ago, are both predominantly European. In the HVS-I founder analysis, haplogroup I indicates a primarily Late Glacial expansion, but the I1a subclade peaks in the Neolithic period at ∼6 ka ago under both founder analysis criteria. This pattern is confirmed by the complete sequence tree and again indicates expansion from a probable Near Eastern source dating to ∼5 ka ago.
Africa
Outside of Europe, the highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya (Castrì 2008).
| Population | Location | Language Family | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amhara | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/120 | 0.83% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Beta Israel | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/29 | 0.00% | Behar 2008a |
| Dawro Konta | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/137 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Undetermined | 0/77 | 0.00% | Soares 2011 |
| Ethiopian Jews | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/41 | 0.00% | Non 2011 |
| Gurage | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/21 | 4.76% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Hamer | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/11 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Ongota | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/19 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Oromo | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/33 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Tigrai | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/44 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Daasanach | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/49 | 0.00% | Poloni 2009 |
| Elmolo | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 12/52 | 23.08% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Kikuyu | Kenya | Niger-Congo | 0/25 | 0.00% | Watson 1997 |
| Luo | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/49 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Maasai | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/81 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Nairobi | Kenya | Niger-Congo | 0/100 | 0.00% | Brandstatter 2004 |
| Nyangatom | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 1/112 | 0.89% | Poloni 2009 |
| Rendille | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 3/17 | 17.65% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Samburu | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 3/35 | 8.57% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Turkana | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/51 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Turkana | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 1/47 | 2.13% | Poloni 2009 and Watson & 1997 |
| Hutu | Rwanda | Niger-Congo | 0/42 | 0.00% | Castrì 2009 |
| Somali | Somalia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 3/163 | 1.84% | Soares 2011 and Watson 1997 |
| Dinka | Sudan | Nilo-Saharan | 0/46 | 0.00% | Krings 1999 |
| Sudan | Sudan | Undetermined | 0/102 | 0.00% | Soares 2011 |
| Burunge | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 1/38 | 2.63% | Tishkoff 2007 |
| Datoga | Tanzania | Nilo-Saharan | 0/57 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003 |
| Iraqw | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/12 | 0.00% | Knight 2003 |
| Sukuma | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/32 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003 |
| Turu | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/29 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 |
| Yemeni | Yemen | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/114 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
Asia
Haplogroup I is present across West Asia, Central Asia, and at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%.[citation needed] The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.
| Population | Language Family | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baluch | Indo-European | 0/39 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Brahui | Dravidian | 0/38 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Caucasus (Georgia)* | Caucasian | 1/58 | 1.80% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Druze | - | 11/311 | 3.54% | Shlush 2008 |
| Gilaki | Indo-European | 0/37 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Gujarati | Indo-European | 0/34 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Hazara | Indo-European | 0/23 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Hunza Burusho | Isolate | 2/44 | 4.50% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| India | - | 8/2544 | 0.30% | Metspalu 2004 |
| Iran (North) | - | 3/31 | 9.70% | Terreros 2011 |
| Iran (South) | - | 2/117 | 1.70% | Terreros 2011 |
| Kalash | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Kurdish (Western Iran) | Indo-European | 1/20 | 5.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Kurdish (Turkmenistan) | Indo-European | 1/32 | 3.10% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Lur | Indo-European | 0/17 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Makrani | Indo-European | 0/33 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Mazandarian | Indo-European | 1/21 | 4.80% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pakistani | Indo-European | 0/100 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pakistan | - | 1/145 | 0.69% | Metspalu 2004 |
| Parsi | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pathan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Persian | Indo-European | 1/42 | 2.40% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Shugnan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Sindhi | Indo-European | 1/23 | 8.70% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkish (Azerbaijan) | Altaic | 2/40 | 5.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkish (Anatolia)* | Altaic | 1/50 | 2.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkmen | Altaic | 0/41 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Uzbek | Altaic | 0/42 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
Europe
Western Europe
In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway[citation needed], Finland, the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistere. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, Sweden, South-West France, and parts of Italy).
| Population | Language | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria/Switzerland | - | 4/187 | 2.14% | Helgason 2001 |
| Basque (Admix Zone) | Basque/Labourdin côtier-haut navarrais | 0/56 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Araba) | Basque/Occidental | 0/55 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Bizkaia) | Basque/Biscayen | 1/59 | 1.69% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Central/Western Navarre ) | Basque/Haut-navarrais méridional | 2/63 | 3.17% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Gipuskoa) | Basque/Gipuzkoan | 0/57 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Navarre Labourdin) | Basque/Bas-navarrais | 0/68 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (North/Western Navarre) | Basque/Haut-navarrais septentrional | 0/51 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Roncal) | Basque/Roncalais-salazarais | 0/55 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Soule) | Basque/Souletin | 0/62 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (South/Western Gipuskoa) | Basque/Biscayen | 0/64 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Béarn | French | 0/51 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Bigorre | French | 0/44 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Burgos | Spanish | 0/25 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Cantabria | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Chalosse | French | 0/58 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Denmark | - | 6/105 | 5.71% | Mikkelsen 2010 |
| England/Wales | - | 12/429 | 3.03% | Helgason 2001 |
| Finland | - | 1/49 | 2.04% | Torroni 1996 |
| Finland/Estonia | - | 5/202 | 2.48% | Helgason 2001 |
| France (Finistere) | - | 2/22 | 9.10% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Morbihan) | - | 0/40 | 0.00% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Normandy) | - | 0/39 | 0.00% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Périgord-Limousin) | - | 2/72 | 2.80% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Var) | - | 2/37 | 5.40% | Dubut 2003 |
| France/Italy | - | 2/248 | 0.81% | Helgason 2001 |
| Germany | - | 12/527 | 2.28% | Helgason 2001 |
| Iceland | - | 21/467 | 4.71% | Helgason 2001 |
| Ireland | - | 3/128 | 2.34% | Helgason 2001 |
| Italy (Tuscany) | - | 2/48 | 4.20% | Torroni 1996 |
| La Rioja | Spanish | 1/51 | 1.96% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| North Aragon | Spanish | 0/26 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Orkney | - | 5/152 | 3.29% | Helgason 2001 |
| Saami | - | 0/176 | 0.00% | Helgason 2001 |
| Scandinavia | - | 12/645 | 1.86% | Helgason 2001 |
| Scotland | - | 39/891 | 4.38% | Helgason 2001 |
| Spain/Portugal | - | 2/352 | 0.57% | Helgason 2001 |
| Sweden | - | 0/37 | 0.00% | Torroni 1996 |
| Western Bizkaia | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Western Isles/Isle of Skye | - | 15/246 | 6.50% | Helgason 2001 |
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".[Footnote 1][Footnote 2]
| Population | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boyko | 0/20 | 0.00% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Hutsul | 0/38 | 0.00% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Lemko | 6/53 | 11.32% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Belorussians | 2/92 | 2.17% | Belyaeva 2003 |
| Russia (European) | 3/215 | 1.40% | Helgason 2001 |
| Romanians (Constanta) | 59 | 0.00% | Bosch 2006 |
| Romanians (Ploiesti) | 46 | 2.17% | Bosch 2006 |
| Russia | 1/50 | 2.0% | Malyarchuk 2001 |
| Ukraine | 0/18 | 0.00% | Malyarchuk 2001 |
| Croatia (Mainland) | 4/277 | 1.44% | Pericic 2005 |
| Croatia (Krk) | 15/133 | 11.28% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Brac) | 1/105 | 0.95% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Hvar) | 2/108 | 1.9% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Korcula) | 1/98 | 1% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Herzegovinians | 1/130 | 0.8% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Bosnians | 6/247 | 2.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Serbians | 4/117 | 3.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Macedonians | 2/146 | 1.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Macedonian Romani | 7/153 | 4.6% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Slovenians | 2/104 | 1.92% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Bosnians | 4/144 | 2.78% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Poles | 8/436 | 1.83% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Russians | 5/201 | 2.49% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Bulgaria/Turkey | 2/102 | 1.96% | Helgason 2001 |
Historic and Pre-Historic Samples
| Populations | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Iron Age sites Bøgebjerggård (AD 1–400) Simonsborg (AD 1–200) Skovgaarde (AD 200–400) |
3/24 | 12.5% | Melchior 2008a, Hofreiter 2010 |
| Viking Age burial sites Galgedil (AD 1000) Christian cemetery Kongemarken (AD 1000–1250) medieval cemetery Riisby (AD 1250–1450) |
4/29 | 13.79% | Melchior 2008, Hofreiter 2010 |
| Anglo-Saxon burial sites Leicester:6 Lavington:6 Buckland:7 Norton:12 Norwich:17 |
1/48 | 2.08% | Töpf 2006 |
Haplogroup I has so far been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Mesolithic grave sites. However, it has been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites (Melchior 2008 and Hofreiter 2010).
We have previously observed a high frequency of Hg I's among Iron Age villagers (Bøgebjerggård) and individuals from the early Christian cemetery, Kongemarken [16], [17]. This trend was also found for the additional sites reported here, Simonsborg, Galgedil and Riisby. The overall frequency of Hg I among the individuals from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age is 13% (7/53) compared to 2.5% for modern Danes [35]. The higher frequencies of Hg I can not be ascribed to maternal kinship, since only two individuals share the same common motif (K2 and K7 at Kongemarken). Except for Skovgaarde (no Hg I's observed) frequencies range between 9% and 29% and there seems to be no trend in relation to time. No Hg I's were observed at the Neolithic Damsbo and the Bronze Age site Bredtoftegård, where all three individuals harboured Hg U4 or Hg U5a (Table 1).
The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Medieval age. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish, British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events" (Hofreiter 2010).
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper (van Oven 2008) and subsequent published research (Behar 2012b).
| Hg (April 2012) | Time estimate (years) | SD (years) |
| N1eI | 28'881 | 6'095 |
| I | 20'857 | 3'594 |
| I1 | 15'231 | 3'402 |
| I1a | 11'726 | 3'306 |
| I1a1 | 5'294 | 2'134 |
| I1a1a | 3'327 | 2'720 |
| I1a1b | 2'608 | 2'973 |
| I1a1c | 1'523 | 3'384 |
| I1a1d | 1'892 | 1'863 |
| I1b | 11'135 | 4'818 |
| I1c | 8'216 | 3'787 |
| I2-3 | 11'308 | 4'154 |
| I2 | 6'387 | 2'449 |
| I2a | 3'771 | 2'143 |
| I2a1 | 2'986 | 1'968 |
| I2b | 1'267 | 4'539 |
| I2c | 2'268 | 2'693 |
| I2d | 3'828 | 3'795 |
| I2e | 2'936 | 3'454 |
| I3 | 8'679 | 3'410 |
| I3a | 6'091 | 3'262 |
| I3a1 | 5'070 | 3'017 |
| I3b | 5'596 | 3'629 |
| I4 | 14'913 | 5'955 |
| I4a | 2'124 | 6'113 |
| I5 | 18'806 | 4'005 |
| I5a | 15'116 | 4'128 |
| I5a1 | 11'062 | 4'661 |
| I6 | - | - |
| I6a | - | - |
Distribution
I1
| Haplogroup I1 | |
| Possible time of origin | 15,231 ± 3,402 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | 455.1T, G6734A, G9966A, T16311C! (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702472 | Behar 2012b | |
| JQ702567 | Germany | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704077 | Germany | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705190 | Behar 2012b | |
| JQ705840 | Behar 2012b |
I1a
| Haplogroup I1a | |
| Possible time of origin | 11,726 ± 3,306 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1 |
| Defining mutations | T152C!, G207A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU694173 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| HM454265 | Turkey (Armenian) | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ245746 | Chuvash | Fernandes 2012 |
I1a1
| Haplogroup I1a1 | |
| Possible time of origin | 5,294 ± 2,134 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a |
| Defining mutations | G203A, C3990T, G9947A, A9966G!, T10915C! (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EF177414 | Portugal | Pereira 2007 |
| JQ701900 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702519 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702820 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702882 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703835 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705025 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705645 | - | Behar 2012b |
| FJ460562 | Tunisia | Costa 2009 |
| JQ705889 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ245748 | Czech | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245749 | Czech | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245767 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245802 | Morocco | Fernandes 2012 |
I1a1a
| Haplogroup I1a1a | |
| Possible time of origin | 3,327 ± 2,720 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | G9053A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY339502 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339503 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339504 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339505 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339506 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339507 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339508 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339509 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| JQ702939 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703652 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704013 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705140 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705378 | - | Behar 2012b |
I1a1b
| Haplogroup I1a1b | |
| Possible time of origin | 2,608 ± 2,973 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | T14182C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702470 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705595 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704690 | - | Behar 2012b |
I1a1c
| Haplogroup I1a1c | |
| Possible time of origin | About 1,523 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | T6620C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702023 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702457 | - | Behar 2012b |
| GU123027 | Russia | Malyarchuk 2010b |
I1a1d
| Haplogroup I1a1d | |
| Possible time of origin | About 1,892 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | A1836G, T4023C, T13488C, T16189C! (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702342 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705189 | - | Behar 2012b |
I1b
| Haplogroup I1b | |
| Possible time of origin | 11,135 ± 4,818 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1 |
| Defining mutations | T6227C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY195769 | Caucasian | Mishmar 2003 |
| AY714041 | India | Palanichamy 2004 |
| EF556153 | Jewish Diaspora | Behar 2008a |
| FJ234984 | Armenian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| FJ968796 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ704018 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705376 | - | Behar 2012b |
I1c
| Haplogroup I1c | |
| Possible time of origin | 8,216 ± 3,787 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1 |
| Defining mutations | G8573A, C16264T, G16319A, T16362C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU564849 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ702655 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705364 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705932 | - | Behar 2012b |
I2'3
| Haplogroup I2'3 | |
| Possible time of origin | 11,308 ± 4,154 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | T152C!, G207A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.
I2
| Haplogroup I2 | |
| Possible time of origin | 6,387 ± 2,449 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2'3 |
| Defining mutations | A15758G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| FJ911909 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| GU122984 | Russia | Malyarchuk 2010b |
| GU294854 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| HQ287882 | - | Pope 2011 |
| JQ701942 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702191 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702284 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703850 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704705 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704765 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704936 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705000 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705304 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705379 | - | Behar 2012b |
| EU570217 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ245744 | Chechnya | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245747 | Czech | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245771 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
I2a
| Haplogroup I2a | |
| Possible time of origin | 3,771 ± 2,143 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | A11065G, G16145A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| HQ326985 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| HQ714959 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ703910 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705175 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705921 | - | Behar 2012b |
| HQ695930 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2a1
| Haplogroup I2a1 | |
| Possible time of origin | 2,986 ± 1,968 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2a |
| Defining mutations | T3398C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Current available data indicates that this may be a Northwestern European branch.
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY339497 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| HQ724528 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JN411083 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2b
| Haplogroup I2b | |
| Possible time of origin | About 1,267 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | T6515C, 8281-8289d, A16166c (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY339498 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339499 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339500 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339501 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
I2c
| Haplogroup I2c | |
| Possible time of origin | About 2,268 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | T460C, G9438A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702163 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702253 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703024 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705187 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705666 | - | Behar 2012b |
I2d
| Haplogroup I2d | |
| Possible time of origin | About 3,828 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | G6480A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ705244 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703829 | - | Behar 2012b |
I2e
| Haplogroup I2e | |
| Possible time of origin | About 2,936 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | G3591A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702578 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703106 | - | Behar 2012b |
I3
| Haplogroup I3 | |
| Possible time of origin | 8,679 ± 3,410 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2'3 |
| Defining mutations | T239C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702493 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702647 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703862 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703883 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ245751 | Greece | Fernandes 2012 |
I3a
| Haplogroup I3a | |
| Possible time of origin | 6,091 ± 3,262 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I3 |
| Defining mutations | T16086C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU746658 | France | FamilyTreeDNA |
| EU869314 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ702062 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702109 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702413 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702041 | - | Behar 2012b |
I3a1
| Haplogroup I3a1 | |
| Possible time of origin | 5,070 ± 3,017 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I3a |
| Defining mutations | G2849A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY963586 | Italy | Bandelt 2005 |
| HQ420832 | France | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ704837 | - | Behar 2012b |
I3b
| Haplogroup I3b | |
| Possible time of origin | 5,596 ± 3,629 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I3 |
| Defining mutations | C16494T (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| GU590993 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ705377 | - | Behar 2012b |
I4
| Haplogroup I4 | |
| Possible time of origin | 14,913 ± 5,955 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | G8519A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ704976 | - | Behar 2012b |
| EF660987 | Italy | Gasparre 2007 |
I4a
| Haplogroup I4a | |
| Possible time of origin | About 2,124 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I4 |
| Defining mutations | A10819G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EF153786 | Siberia | Derenko 2007 |
| EU091245 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| HM804481 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JN660158 | Armenian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ701909 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ701957 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705060 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705191 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705303 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705514 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705906 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ706017 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702369 | - | Behar 2012b |
I5
| Haplogroup I5 | |
| Possible time of origin | 18,806 ± 4,005 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | A14233G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| HQ658465 | German (north) | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ245724 | North Ossetia | Fernandes 2012 |
I5a
| Haplogroup I5a | |
| Possible time of origin | 15,116 ± 4,128 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I5 |
| Defining mutations | T5074C, C16148T (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| FJ348190 | Hutterite | Pichler 2008 |
| JQ701894 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704768 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ245733 | Dubai | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245772 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245780 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245781 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245782 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245783 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245784 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245785 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245786 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
I5a1
| Haplogroup I5a1 | |
| Possible time of origin | 11,062 ± 4,661 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I5a |
| Defining mutations | 8281-8289d, A12961G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AF382007 | Leon | Maca-Meyer 2001 |
| EU597573 | Bedouin (Israel) | Hartmann 2009 |
| JQ704713 | - | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705096 | - | Behar 2012b |
| EF660917 | Italy | Gasparre 2007 |
| JQ245807 | Bulgaria | Fernandes 2012 |
I6
| Haplogroup I6 | |
| Possible time of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | T3645C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ245773 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
I6a
| Haplogroup I6a | |
| Possible time of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I6 |
| Defining mutations | (G203A), G3915A, A6116G, A7804G, T15287C, (A16293c) (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY245555 | - | Janssen 2006 |
| JQ705382 | - | Behar 2012b |
See also
Genetics
Backbone mtDNA Tree
|
Evolutionary tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1-6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
Footnotes
- ^ Nikitin 2009: 6/53 in Lemkos
"Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M* in the region." - ^ Cvjetan 2004: 15/133
Works Cited
Journals
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- Poloni, Estella S.; Naciri, Yamama; Bucho, Rute; Niba, Régine; Kervaire, Barbara; Excoffier, Laurent; Langaney, André; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (2009). "Genetic Evidence for Complexity in Ethnic Differentiation and History in East Africa". Annals of Human Genetics 73 (6): 582. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00541.x.
- Pope, AM; Carr, SM; Smith, KN; Marshall, HD; Marshall, H. D. (2011). "Mitogenomic and microsatellite variation in descendants of the founder population of Newfoundland: High genetic diversity in an historically isolated population". Genome / National Research Council Canada = Genome / Conseil national de recherches Canada 54 (2): 110–9. doi:10.1139/G10-102. PMID 21326367.
- Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Chaix, Raphaëlle; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, Doron M.; Sayar, Hamid; Scozzari, Rosaria; Rengo, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia et al. (2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
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- Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; MacAulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (2003). "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (4): 1058–64. doi:10.1086/374384. PMC 1180338. PMID 12629598.
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Websites
- Behar; Family Tree DNA (2012). "mtDNA Community".
Further Reading
- Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Kujanová, Martina; VašÍková, Alžběta; Hájek, Martin; Morris, Miranda; Mulligan, Connie J. (2009). "Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329.
- Fellner, Robert O (1995). Cultural change and the epipalaeolithic of Palestine. Tempus Reparatum. ISBN 9780860547754.
- Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C. J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
- Petit-Maire, Nicole; Bouysse, Philippe (2000). "Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments". Episodes (Geological Society of Indiana).
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- HAPLOGROUP I - based on www.phylotree.org (August 2010)
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup I
