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Haplogroup J (mtDNA)

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).

Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.[2]

Haplogroup J
Possible time of origin45,000 years before present
Possible place of originWestern Asia, Near East, the Caucasus
AncestorJT
DescendantsJ1, J2
Defining mutations295 489 10398 12612 13708 16069[1]

Origin edit

Around 45,000 years before present, a mutation took place in the DNA of a woman who lived in the Near East or Caucasus. Further mutations occurred in the J line, which can be identified as the subclades J1a1, J1c1 (27,000 yrs ago), J2a (19,000 yrs ago), J2b2 (16,000 years ago), and J2b3 (5,800 yrs ago). Haplogroup J bearers along with persons carrying the T mtDNA clade settled in Europe from the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.

Coalescence time estimates for the subclades of mitochondrial haplogroup J
Subclade European coalescence time[2] Near East coalescence time[2]
J1a1 27,300 years (± 8,000 years) 17,700 years (± 2,500 years)
J1a2 7,700 years (± 3,500 years) —
J1b 5,000 years (± 2,200 years) 23,300 years (± 4,300 years)
J2a 19,200 years(± 6,900 years) —
J2b1 — 15,000 years (± 5,000 years)
J2b2 16,600* years (± 8,100 years) 16,000 years (± 5,700 years)
J2b3 5,800 years (± 2,900 years) —

*Typographical error, was 161,600 years from original source material as per time table describing the spread of populations given in the same study.

However, any statements concerning the geographic origin of this or any other haplogroup are highly speculative and considered by most population geneticists to be 'story telling' and outside the domain of science.[citation needed] Furthermore, inferring close associations between a haplogroup and a specific archaeological culture can be equally problematic.[by whom?]

Age of younger branches of mtHG J
Subclade Alphanumeric assignation Calculated age via empirical spread and mutational drift rate ratio[3]
CI=95%
J2 28,259.7 ± 4,605.0 (Between 23,700 and 32,900 years old)
J2a 24,051.5 ± 4,183.2 (Between 19,900 and 28,200 years old)
J2a1 21,186.1 ± 4,485.5 (Between 16,700 and 25,700 years old)
J2a1a 12,986.1 ± 4,077.7 (Between 8,900 and 17,100 years old)
J2a1a1 8,949.8 ± 3,051.3 (Between 5,900 and 12,000 years old)
J2a1a1a 7,591.6 ± 2,889.6 (Between 4,700 and 10,500 years old)
J2a1a1a2 3,618.9 ± 2,973.9 (Between 600 and 6,600 years old)

Distribution edit

 
Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup J.

Basal haplogroup J* is found among the Soqotri (9.2%).[4]

The average frequency of haplogroup J as a whole is today highest in the Near East (12%), followed by Europe (11%), the Caucasus (8%) and Northeast Africa (6%). Of the two main sub-groups, J1 takes up four-fifths of the total and is spread widely on the continent while J2 is more localised around the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy/Sardinia and Spain.

There is also limited evidence that the subclade J1 has long been present in Central Asia. For instance, perhaps the highest incidence of haplogroup J is the 19% of Polish Roma, who belong to J1 (although this has also been ascribed to a "founder effect" of some kind).[5] In Pakistan, where West Eurasian lineages occur at frequencies of up to 50% in some ethno-linguistic groups, the incidence of J1 averages around 5%, while J2 is very rare. However, J2 is found amongst 9% of the Kalash minority of north-west Pakistan.[6]

In the Arabian peninsula, mtDNA haplogroup J is found among Saudis (10.5–18.8% J1b) and Yemenis (0–20% J1b). The J1b subclade also occurs in the Near East among Iraqis (7.1%) and Palestinians (4%).[7]

In Africa, haplogroup J is concentrated in the northeast. It is found among Algerians (3.23–14.52%),[8] as well as Sudanese Copts (10.3% J1a; 10.3% J2),[9] Sudanese Fulani (10.7% J1b),[9] Meseria (6.7% J1b),[9] Arakien (5.9% J1b),[9] Egyptians (5.9%),[10] Mozabite Berbers (3.53%),[8] Sudanese Hausa (2.9% J1b),[9] Zenata Berbers (2.74%),[8] Beja (2.1% J1b),[9] and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%).[8]

Within Europe, >2% frequency distribution of mtDNA J is as follows:[11]

  • J* = Ireland — 12%, England-Wales — 11%, Scotland — 9%, Orkney — 8%, Germany — 7%, Russia (European) — 7%, Iceland — 7%, Austria-Switzerland — 5%, Finland-Estonia — 5%, Spain-Portugal — 4%, France-Italy — 3%
  • J1a = Austria-Switzerland — 3%
  • J1b1 = Scotland — 4%
  • J2 = France-Italy — 2%
  • J2a = Homogenously spread in Europe; absent in the nations around the Caucasus; not known to be found elsewhere.[2]
  • J2b1 = Virtually absent in Europe; found in diverse forms in the Near East.[2]
  • J2b1a = Found in Western Europe and Russia.[2]

Haplogroup J has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[12] Haplogroup J has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the J1c3 subclade (1/7; ~14%).[13] The J clade has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Afalou prehistoric site. Around 22% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various J subclades, including undifferentiated J (1/9; 11%) and J1c3f (1/9; 11%).[14]

In Eastern Siberia, haplogroup J1c5 has been observed in samples of Yakuts (3/111 = 2.7% Vilyuy Yakut,[15] 2/148 = 1.4% Northern Yakut,[15] 1/88 = 1.1% Central Yakut,[16] 1/164 = 0.6% Central Yakut[15]), Evenks in Yakutia (4/125 = 3.2%[15]), and Evens in Yakutia (1/105 = 1.0%[15]). Haplogroup J2a2b3 has been observed in a sample of Nyukzha Evenks (2/46 = 4.3%[16]). Haplogroup J2 also has been observed in a sample of Evenks collected in Olenyoksky District, Zhigansky District, and Ust-Maysky District of Yakutia (7/125 = 5.6%[15]). One instance of haplogroup J1c10a1 has been observed in the Human Genome Diversity Project's sample of ten Oroqen individuals from northernmost China.

Subclades edit

 
Schematic tree of mtDNA haplogroup J. Ages (in ka) indicated are maximum likelihood estimates obtained for the whole-mtDNA genome.

Tree edit

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup J subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

Genetic traits edit

It has been theorized[by whom?] that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation related to SNPs which define mt-haplogroup J consequently produces higher body heat in the phenotype of mtDNA J individuals. This has been linked to selective pressure for the presence of the haplogroup in northern Europe, particularly Norway.[17] Individuals from haplogroups UK, J1c and J2 were found to be more susceptible to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy because they have reduced oxidative phosphorylation capacity, which results in part from lower mtDNA levels.[18] J mtDNA has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to AIDS and death.[19] The T150C mutation, which is exclusive to but not definitive of, the J2 subclade of Haplogroup J may be part of a likely nuclearly controlled general machinery regarding the remodeling & replication of mtDNA. Controlling a remodeling which could accelerate mtDNA replication thus compensating for oxidative damage in mtDNA as well as functional deterioration occurring with old age related to it.[20] Haplogroup J was found to be a protective factor against ischemic cardiomyopathy.[21] It was also found that Haplogroup J was a protective factor among osteoarthritis patients from Spain[22] but not from UK,[23] and this was hypothesized to be due to a different genetic composition (polymorphisms) of the Haplogroup J in both populations. A study involving patients of European and West Asian origin or descent showed that individuals classified as haplogroup J or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of Parkinson's disease versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup, H.[24]

Popular culture edit

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup J (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References edit

  1. ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Piia Serk, Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J in Europe and Near East, Thesis, Tartu 2004 Archived 2008-09-08 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R., American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 90(4), pg. 675-684, 2012
  4. ^ Černý, Viktor; et al. (2009). "Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  5. ^ B.A. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M.V. Derenko, J. Czarny, and D. Miścicka-Śliwka, Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Polish Roma, Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 70 (2006), pp. 195-206.
  6. ^ Lluís Quintana-Murci, Raphaëlle Chaix, R. Spencer Wells, Doron M. Behar, Hamid Sayar, Rosaria Scozzari, Chiara Rengo, Nadia Al-Zahery, Ornella Semino, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti, Alfredo Coppa, Qasim Ayub, Aisha Mohyuddin, Chris Tyler-Smith, S. Qasim Mehdi, Antonio Torroni, and Ken McElreavey, Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor, American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 74 (2004), pp. 827–845.
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  14. ^ Kefi, Rym; et al. (2018). "On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations". Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 29 (1): 147–157. doi:10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406. PMID 28034339. S2CID 4490910. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
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  16. ^ a b Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
  17. ^ Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA & Y chromosome polymorphisms Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Gómez-Durán, Aurora; Pacheu-Grau, David; Martínez-Romero, Íñigo; López-Gallardo, Ester; López-Pérez, Manuel J.; Montoya, Julio; Ruiz-Pesini, Eduardo (2012). "Oxidative phosphorylation differences between mitochondrial DNA haplogroups modify the risk of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1822 (8): 1216–1222. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.04.014. ISSN 0925-4439. PMID 22561905.
  19. ^ Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, et al. (November 2008). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression". AIDS. 22 (18): 2429–39. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb. PMC 2699618. PMID 19005266.
  20. ^ "A Comprehensive Analysis of mtDNA Haplogroup J (Jim Logan. September, 2008)". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  21. ^ Fernández-Caggiano, Maria; Javier Barallobre-Barreiro; Ignacio Rego-Pérez; María G. Crespo-Leiro; María Jesus Paniagua; Zulaika Grillé; Francisco J. Blanco; Nieves Doménech (2012). "Mitochondrial Haplogroups H and J: Risk and Protective Factors for Ischemic Cardiomyopathy". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e44128. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744128F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044128. PMC 3429437. PMID 22937160.
  22. ^ Rego, I; Fernandez-Moreno, M; Fernandez-Lopez, C; Gomez-Reino, J J; Gonzalez, A; Arenas, J; Blanco, F J (2009). "Role of European mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in the prevalence of hip osteoarthritis in Galicia, Northern Spain". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 69 (1): 210–213. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.105254. ISSN 0003-4967. PMID 19224903. S2CID 27038346.
  23. ^ Soto-Hermida, A.; Fernández-Moreno, M.; Oreiro, N.; Fernández-López, C.; Rego-Pérez, I.; Blanco, F.J. (2014). "mtDNA haplogroups and osteoarthritis in different geographic populations". Mitochondrion. 15: 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.001. ISSN 1567-7249. PMID 24632472.
  24. ^ van der Walt, Joelle M.; Nicodemus, Kristin K.; Martin, Eden R.; Scott, William K.; Nance, Martha A.; Watts, Ray L.; Hubble, Jean P.; Haines, Jonathan L.; Koller, William C.; Lyons, Kelly; Pahwa, Rajesh; Stern, Matthew B.; Colcher, Amy; Hiner, Bradley C.; Jankovic, Joseph; Ondo, William G.; Allen Jr., Fred H.; Goetz, Christopher G.; Small, Gary W.; Mastaglia, Frank; Stajich, Jeffrey M.; McLaurin, Adam C.; Middleton, Lefkos T.; Scott, Burton L.; Schmechel, Donald E.; Pericak-Vance, Margaret A.; Vance, Jeffery M. (2003). "Mitochondrial Polymorphisms Significantly Reduce the Risk of Parkinson Disease". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (4): 804–811. doi:10.1086/373937. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1180345. PMID 12618962.
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  26. ^ Delia Angélica Ortiz. "La genética tras la belleza de Ximena" (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
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  29. ^ King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter; Ekserdjian, David; Hofreiter, Michael; Schürer, Kevin (2014). "Identification of the remains of King Richard III". Nature Communications. 5: 5631. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5631K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6631. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4268703. PMID 25463651.

External links edit

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