The Yaghnobi Tajiks (Yaghnobi: yaγnōbī́t or suγdī́t; Tajik: яғнобиҳо, yağnobiho/jaƣnoʙiho), commonly referred to as Yaghnobis, are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group residing in Tajikistan's Sughd province, specifically in the valleys of the Yaghnob, Qul, and Varzob rivers. Although they are considered part of the broader Tajik ethnicity, they are distinguished from other Tajiks by their use of the Yaghnobi language, an eastern Iranian language.
yaγnōbī́t, яғнобиҳо | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| c. 25,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Valleys around Yaghnob, Qul and Varzob Rivers, Zafarobod District and elsewhere in Tajikistan | |
| Languages | |
| Yaghnobi, Tajik | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Iranian peoples |
Yaghnobi is spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people, and is also taught in some schools.[2] It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has often been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature.[3] The Yaghnobi Tajiks are considered to be descendants of the Sogdian-speaking peoples[4] who once inhabited most of Central Asia beyond the Amu Darya River in what was ancient Sogdia.
The 1926 and 1939 census data gives the number of Yaghnobi language speakers as approximately 1,800. In 1955, M. Bogolyubov estimated the number of Yaghnobi native speakers as more than 2,000. In 1972, A. Khromov estimated 1,509 native speakers in the Yaghnob valley and about 900 elsewhere. The estimated number of Yaghnobi Tajiks is approximately 25,000.[1]
History
edit
Antiquity
editTheir traditional occupations were in agriculture, growing produce such as barley, wheat, and legumes as well as breeding cattle, oxen and asses. There were traditional handicrafts, such as weaving, which was mostly done by men. The women worked on moulding earthenware crockery.[5]
The Yaghnobi people originated from the Sogdians, a people dominant in the area until the Muslim conquests in the 8th century, when Sogdiana was defeated. In that period, Yaghnobis settled in the high valleys.
Pre-20th century
editThe ancient Sogdians fled to the Yaghnob Valley to escape the medieval Arab Caliphate. Their direct descendants, the Yaghnobi, lived there in peaceful isolation until the 1820s.[6][7]
20th century
editUntil the 20th century, the Yaghnobis lived through their natural economy. Some some still do, as the area they originally inhabited is still remote from roads and power transmission lines. The first contact with Soviet Union in the 1930s during the Great Purge led to many Yaghnobis being exiled, but perhaps the most traumatic events were the forced resettlement in 1957 and 1970, from the Yaghnob mountains to the semi-desert lowlands of Tajikistan.[8][9]
In the 1970s, Red Army helicopters were sent to valleys to evacuate the population, ostensibly because Yaghnobi kishlaks (villages) were considered at risk from avalanches. Some Yaghnobis reportedly died of shock in helicopters as they were moved to the plains.[citation needed] Many were then forced to work at cotton plantations on the plains.[10][11] As a result of overwork and the change in environment and lifestyle, several hundred Yaghnobis died of disease.[12] While some Yaghnobis rebelled and returned to the mountains, the Soviet government demolished the empty villages and the largest village on the Yaghnob River, Piskon, was removed from official maps.
Since 1983, families have begun to return to the Yaghnob Valley. The majority of those that remain on the plains tend to be assimilated with the Tajiks,[13][14] as their children study in school in the Tajik language. The returnees live through the natural economy, and the majority remain without roads and electricity.
21st century
editThe Yaghnob Valley comprises approximately ten settlements, each housing between three and eight families.[7][15] There are other small settlements elsewhere.[7][15] The upper Yaghnob River Valley was protected by an until recently almost impenetrable gorge.[16] They also live in and about the Amu Darya River, the Yaghnob River, the Yaghnob Valley, the Qul River, the Varzob rivers and the town of Anzob.[15]
Religion
editThe Yaghnobi people are Sunni Muslims.[17][3] Many elements of the pre-Islamic Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism are still preserved.[18]
Genetics
editHaplogroups
editThe main paternal haplogroups of Yaghnobis are R1-M173 and J2-M172, both found at a frequency of around 32%. The second most common haplogroup is R1a1a-M17 at around 16%. The third most common haplogroup is L-M20, at a rate of approximately 10%. Other haplogroups include C-M130, K-M9 and P-M45, each at 3%.[19]
Autosomal DNA
editYaghnobi Tajiks are genetically more similar to "present-day western Eurasian populations and Iranians". They display high genetic affinities to Iron Age Central Asians. Genetic data further indicates that Yaghnobis "have been isolated for a long time with no evidence of recent admixture". Yaghnobi Tajiks derive around 93% of their ancestry from historical Indo-Iranian sources (represented by an Iron Age sample from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan and Western Steppe Herders) and around 7% from Baikal EBA groups (a population with 80-95% Ancient Northeast Asian and 5-20% Ancient North Eurasian ancestry).The ancient and present-day Iranian populations from Central Asia form together a cline between Iranian Neolithic farmers and Central_Steppe Bronze Age, with a clear shift in ancestry toward Steppe between Bronze Age and Iron Age, and a smaller shift toward eastern Asian ancestry between Iron Age and present-day. This shift is more pronounced for Tajiks than Yaghnobis. The present-day Turkic peoples "emerged later from the admixture between a group related to local Indo-Iranian and a South-Siberian or Mongolian group with a high East Asian ancestry (around 60%)".[20]
The Yaghnobi Tajiks may be used as proxy for historical Central Asian Steppe ancestry associated with the initial spread of Iranian languages.[21]
References
edit- ^ a b "The Peoples of the Red Book – The Yaghnabis". Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ Inside the New Russia (1994): Yagnob
- ^ a b electricpulp.com. "YAGHNOBI – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
- ^ Paul Bergne (15 June 2007). The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic. I.B.Tauris. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-84511-283-7.
- ^ (in Russian) Большая Советская Энциклопедия
- ^ Jamolzoda, A. Journey to Sogdiana's Heirs www.yagnob.org
- ^ a b c "Discovery Central Asia: THE LOST WORLD OF THE YAGNOB". www.discovery-central-asia.com.
- ^ (in Russian) Вокруг света – Страны – - Таджикистан – Последние из шестнадцатой сатрапии
- ^ Loy, Thomas. "From the mountains to the lowlands – the Soviet policy of "inner-Tajik" resettlement". Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
- ^ Jamolzoda, Anvar (July–August 2006). "Journey to Sogdiana's Heirs" (PDF). yagnob. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-13.
- ^ "Tajikistan: The Sons of Somoni Strive to Preserve Distinct Cultural Identity". EURASIANET.org. June 22, 2012.
- ^ Loy, Thomas (July 18, 2005). "Yaghnob 1970 A Forced Migration in the Tajik SSR". Central Eurasia-L Archive. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
- ^ Paul, Daniel Paul; Abbess, Elisabeth; Müller, Katja; Tiessen, Calvin and; Tiessen, Gabriela (2009). "The Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Yaghnobi" (PDF). SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-017, May 201. SIL International. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ Jenkins II, Mark D. (May 26 – September 8, 2014). "Being Yaghnobi: Expressions of Identity, Place, and Revitalization as a Minority in Tajikistan" (PDF). American Councils Research Fellowships (Title VIII Final Report). Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "Ягноб – Древняя Согдиана: Прошлое, Настоящее и Будущее".
- ^ Пагануцци, Н. В. (1968). Фанские горы и Ягноб (in Russian). Moscow: Fizkultura i sport.
- ^ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union. London: Routledge. p. 382. ISBN 0-7103-0188-X.
- ^ According to http://www.pamirs.org Zoroastrian Designs on Embrodiary
- ^ Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, et al. (28 August 2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (18): 10244–10249. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
- ^ Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (2022-01-14). "Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 733. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12..733G. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8760286. PMID 35031610.
- ^ Cilli, Elisabetta; Sarno, Stefania; Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Serventi, Patrizia; De Fanti, Sara; Delaini, Paolo; Ognibene, Paolo; Basello, Gian Pietro; Ravegnini, Gloria; Angelini, Sabrina; Ferri, Gianmarco; Gentilini, Davide; Di Blasio, Anna Maria; Pelotti, Susi; Pettener, Davide (April 2019). "The genetic legacy of the Yaghnobis: A witness of an ancient Eurasian ancestry in the historically reshuffled central Asian gene pool". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 168 (4): 717–728. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23789. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 30693949.
External links
edit
- The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire[dead link]
- Bielmeier, Roland (August 15, 2006). "YAGHNOBI". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- PAMIRI TAJIKS AND YAGHNOBIS
- On the Edge of the Snow - A Documentary (A Long Draft Trailer)