Xocó (Chocó, Shokó) is a dead and poorly attested language or languages of Brazil that is not known to be related to other languages. It is known from three populations: Xokó (Chocó) in Sergipe, Kariri-Xocó (Kariri-Shoko, Cariri-Chocó) in Alagoas, and Xukuru-Kariri (Xucuru-Kariri, Xucuru-Cariri) in Alagoas. It is not clear if these were one language or three. It is only known from a few dozen words from one Kariri-Xoco elder and three Xukuru-Kariri elders in 1961.
| Xocó | |
|---|---|
| Shoko | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Sergipe, Alagoas |
| Extinct | Last half of 20th century[1] |
Unclassified; not clear if a single language | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | erroneously subsumed under Karirí-Xocó [kzw] |
| Glottolog | xoco1235 Xoco |
It was originally spoken along the Piancó River is an area that is now a suburb of Porto Real do Colégio.[2]
In ISO encoding, the language was conflated with the Kariri family as ISO 639-3 [kzw] 'Karirí-Xocó'; Ethnologue does not indicate if this was a conscious decision.
Other languages with this name
editXoco, Xukuru, and Kariri are all common generic names in the region. See Kariri languages.
Vocabulary
editPompeu (1958)
editChocó (Xocó) vocabulary collected in Colégio, Alagoas:[3]
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Chocó fogo fire atsá, tsá água water taká cachimbo smoking pipe pupú homem man mãjikêô
Note: Loukotka (1968) transcribes 'man' as mazyikeːoː.[2]
Meader (1978)
editFive Xukuru-Kariri word lists collected by Menno Kroeker in Alagoas in 1961 are published in Meader (1978).[4]
Words recorded from an elderly male pajé (shaman) in Porto Real do Colégio:
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Xukuru-Kariri chuva rain sèhóιdzˈὲʔà fumo smoke bˈázè lua moon kˈriũavi mandioca manioc gˈrïgɔ menino boy semˈentiais mulher woman spˈikwais rio river oːpˈara sol sun kràšùtˈó terra earth aːtsιhˈi vento wind mə̀núsˈi batata potato dˈódsákà cachimbo smoking pipe catʔokə Colégio (cidade) Colégio (city) simidˈo deus God sõsˈeh dinheiro money mεrεkiˈa farinha flour tˈónà feijão bean nˈódsákà gado cattle krˈazɔ galinha chicken cáːkìʔ luz light kápˈòèr ovelha sheep sábˈòèR peru turkey brεfˈεlia porco pig korˈe soldado soldier òlˈófò
Words recorded from Alfredo Caboquim, a pajé (shaman), and his brother Miguel Caboquim in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Xukuru-Kariri carne de boi beef ˈbeiñõ chuva rain šualya dê-me fogo para o cigarro Give me fire for the cigarette. àòšˈínòʔ ìnˈísìà sˈèdàià lua / moça moon / girl seːya mãe mother isá milho corn matˈilya não (mentira) no (lie) eːyo nariz nose nˈəmbi pai dad étfˈὲ anzol fish hook èáyˈɔ̀ / alyɔ (?) batata potato dˈotsakə bebida de mandioca manioc drink gúlížˈɔ̀ (gálížˈɔ̀) bode goat filˈisakə boi ox léfétˈìa cachorro dog it(ə)lˈo cachorro de brinquedo toy dog ìt(ə)lˈó tə̀núnšweˈì dança indígena indigenous dance áʔálˈèndà deus God àʔúdéódályˈà estrangeiro foreigner, stranger kóbˈè farinha flour tititsia feijão bean nˈatsakə folga dos índios indigenous holiday arikulilyˈa / kèːšátíkáˈya (?) fumando cachimbo to smoke a pipe puèpùˈa galinha chicken sˈetˈáduàlyà gato cat atašeškia índia indigenous woman sétsˈòníká lagarto lizard šˈua atˈežo / tˈeyu (?) mulato mulatto mulatι̃nkya negro black person tùpíə̃̀nkyà padre father ĩŋklaˈišoa (pausa) – considerando as palavras pause (when thinking of words) ə̃hə̃ peru turkey aotˈisakə porco pig àːlˈé praia (?) beach (?) práiˈà quarto de homem men's quarters subεbˈe como vai? How are you? àkàkˈáumà vou bem, obrigado I am fine, thank you. íkàkˈə́ senhor sir ˈĩŋklai vamos embora Let's go. òːšˈóuà homem mais velho older man tošˈa / aošιnə̃ŋklainšoa taškiˈa
Words recorded from an elderly farmer in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Xukuru-Kariri água water oiyˈa carne de boi beef aòtˈísiə̀ fogo fire tóˈè aguardente aguardente kóšákˈà bode goat sákúlˈὲ, sákúlˈègò bonito beautiful atilišˈĩ brancos white people ə̃́nkláʔˈì cabelo crespo (de negro) curly hair (of black people) tuʔˈĩ café coffee tópˈì cigarro cigarette àlísíˈàx índio indigenous man / person sέtsˈò mãe de Jesus mother of Jesus (Virgin Mary) kwə́ntópˈə̃̀ atoayˈə negra black man (i)atuayˈa negro black woman túpíyˈà porco pig šíə̃̀ntì tatu armadillo rṍmpˈə̀tì
Words recorded from João Candido da Silva, a young farmer in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Xukuru-Kariri fumo smoke šíšúˈà dança dance arikurˈi deus God dédùˈá / íŋklàˈíx
Words recorded from José Fermino da Silva of Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Xukuru-Kariri água water óiyˈàh fogo para o cigarro fire for cigarette tòˈéh asendendisi / tòˈéh pàrə̀ns-ˈíáx batata potato dˈótsákà branco white person kràiʔˈé caboclo caboclo sǽtsˈùx cachimbo smoking pipe pua / pue deus God dèdˈúa feijão bean nˈótsákà negra black kòbˈéh obrigado thank you bèréˈɔ́ pau (claraíba) claraíba tree frˈéžɔ̀ìž pau (d'arco) Tabebuia tree paìpˈέ
References
edit- ^ Xocó at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
- ^ Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
