Wang Jun (252 – 4 April 314[1]), courtesy name Pengzu, was a military general and warlord who lived during the Western Jin dynasty of China. By the time of Sima Lun's usurpation of the Jin throne he was established as a military commander in You Province. Although he became a target of Sima Ying as the War of the Eight Princes unfolded, he survived the chaos, ultimately supporting Sima Yue's faction. At the time of the Disaster of Yongjia which saw the collapse of Jin control in northern China, he was one of Jin's few remaining provincial powers in the north. However among claims of imperial ambitions and corruption, he clashed not only with northern tribal powers but also his Jin Dynasty rival Liu Kun the Inspector of Bingzhou, before his final defeat and death at the hands of Shi Le, who had previously won Wang Jun's trust.
Wang Jun | |
|---|---|
| 王浚 | |
| Inspector of Youzhou (幽州刺史) | |
| In office 306–314 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Hui of Jin/Emperor Huai of Jin |
| Preceded by | Wang Bin |
| Succeeded by | Duan Pidi |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 252 |
| Died | 4 April 314 |
| Spouses |
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| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Courtesy name | Pengzu (彭祖) |
| Peerage | Duke of Boling (博陵公) |
Early life and career edit
Wang Jun was born to a concubine of Wang Chen of the prominent Wang clan of Jinyang County (晉陽; southwest of present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi) in Taiyuan commandery. His mother was from a poor commoner family, so Wang Chen refused to acknowledge Wang Jun as his son. Only Wang Jun's uncle, Wang Hun, saw potential in him and believed he would one day be a part of the Three Excellencies.[2] In 266, Wang Chen died without a legitimate son, so his relatives established Wang Jun as his heir. Wang Jun inherited Wang Chen's title of Duke of Boling and was appointed Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry by the court.[3]
Wang Jun became a Regular Mounted Attendant in 282. In 291, the court transferred him to serve as a Regular Attendant and later moved him to Commandant of the Surpassing Riders and General of the Right. Soon, Wang Jun became the Imperial Corps Commander and guarded Xuchang.
War of the Eight Princes edit
Consolidating Youzhou edit
In 299, during Empress Jia's rule behind the curtains, she had the Crown Prince, Sima Yu, under house arrest in Xuchang. The following year, Wang Jun and the eunuch Sun Lü (孫慮) assisted her in poisoning Sima Yu.[4] Wang Jun received the title General Who Pacifies The North and Imperial Inspector of Qingzhou. After a while, the court moved him to General Who Calms The Northern Frontiers and Chief Controller of Youzhou. While in Youzhou, Wang Jun sensed that civil war would soon ensue in northern China. Thus, he began initiating alliances with the neighbouring barbarian tribes to secure his position. He married his two daughters; one to the chieftain of the Xianbei Duan tribe, Duan Wuwuchen and another to a general of the Xianbei Yuwen tribe, Sunuyan (素怒延).[5]
In 301, Emperor Hui of Jin's regent, Sima Lun, deposed Hui and declared himself emperor. The three princes, Sima Ying, Sima Yong and Sima Jiong, promptly began an alliance to restore Emperor Hui. Wang Jun remained neutral throughout the war and refused the send out his troops. He even confiscated letters from the coalition calling to arms in Youzhou to prevent anyone from joining them. Sima Ying was particularly frustrated at Wang Jun's actions and considered attacking him but decided not to due to more pressing issues.[6] After overthrowing Sima Lun, Wang Jun received the office of General Who Secures the North.
War with Sima Ying edit
In 304, Sima Ying and Sima Yong became Jin's paramount leaders after killing the Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai. While in power, Sima Ying sought to eliminate Wang Jun, still begrudging him for his conduct in 301. Wang Jun himself was also not pleased with the outcome of Sima Ying and Sima Ai's war. Sima Ying appointed his trusted subordinate, He Yan (和演), as Inspector of Youzhou with orders to assassinate Wang Jun. He Yan colluded with the Wuhuan Chanyu, Shen Deng (審登), and when the two travelled with Wang Jun to Qingquan (清泉; south of present-day Beijing), they agreed to have him killed there. However, a heavy storm drenched their troops' equipment and foiled their plans on the day of their attempt.[7]
Shen Deng perceived the storm as a sign that the Heavens favoured Wang Jun, so he defected to Wang Jun and revealed the plot. In response, Wang Jun and Shen Deng besieged He Yan and forced him to surrender. After executing He Yan, Wang Jun assumed total control over Youzhou. Sima Ying tried summoning Wang Jun to court, but Wang Jun camped at Jizhou instead. Wang Jun brought along Duan Wuwuchen and a Wuhuan chieftain, Jiezhu (羯朱), and allied with the Inspector of Bingzhou, Sima Teng. They defeated Sima Ying's general, Wang Bin (王斌), and as they approached Sima Ying's base in Yecheng, Wang Jun's vanguard general, Qi Hong, also defeated Shi Chao. Sima Ying panicked and fled to Luoyang, allowing Wang Jun to occupy his city. The Xianbei had Yecheng sacked and abducted many women from the city. After Wang Jun returned to Jicheng, he executed many of the Xianbei soldiers who partook in the abductions, and around 8,000 bodies reportedly filled the Yi River (易水; in present-day Yi County, Hebei).[8]
Sima Yue's coalition edit
In 305, Wang Jun was one of the many governors east of Luoyang to acclaim the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, as coalition leader to overthrow Sima Yong and bring Emperor Hui back to Luoyang from Chang'an. Wang Jun lent his Xianbei troops to the Prince of Fanyang, Sima Xiao (司馬虓), which proved vital to defeating Sima Yong's powerful ally, Liu Qiao. Wang Jun later had Qi Hong lead his elite Xianbei and Wuhuan charging cavalry to serve in Sima Yue's vanguard. In June 306, Qi Hong and others entered Chang'an, and Wang Jun's Xianbei troops sacked the city, leaving 20,000 dead in their wake.[9]
After Emperor Hui returned to Luoyang, Wang Jun became Grand General of Agile Cavalry, Commander over the eastern tribes and the military affairs of Hebei, and acting Inspector of Youzhou for his contributions. The court also merged the state of Yan into Wang Jun's fief. In 307, Emperor Huai of Jin ascended the throne. He appointed Wang Jun Minister of Works and Protector of the Wuhuan.
Conflicts with Shi Le and Liu Kun edit
Early success against Shi Le edit
Previously in 304, the Xiongnu nobleman, Liu Yuan, established his state of Han-Zhao and began a conquest of northern China. In 308, the Han general, Shi Le, attacked Changshan (常山; around present-day Shijiazhuang, Hebei) but was defeated by Wang Jun. The following year, Shi Le invaded Changshan again, but Wang Jun routed him at Mount Feilong (飛龍山, in present-day Xinzhou, Shanxi). In 310, Shi Le tried taking Xiangcheng County, but Wang Jun sent Duan Wuwuchen's son, Duan Wenyang, and defeated him. At the end of that year, Shi Le attacked Xindu and killed the Inspector of Jizhou, Wang Bin, so Wang Jun assumed control over Jizhou as acting Inspector.
Conflict with Liu Kun edit
Despite serving the same state, Wang Jun soon entered a rivalry with the Inspector of Bingzhou, Liu Kun. Liu Kun had allied with the Tuoba-Xianbei chieftain, Tuoba Yilu, and in 310, petitioned to make Yilu the Duke of Dai Commandery. However, at the time, Dai Commandery was a part of Wang Jun's domain in Youzhou. When Yilu received Dai Commandery, Wang Jun refused to cede the territory, so he attacked Yilu but was routed. Because of this incident, Wang Jun bore a grudge against Liu Kun.[10]
In 311, Emperor Huai of Jin gave out numerous promotions to his officials, including Wang Jun, whom he promoted to Grand Marshal, Palace Attendant, Grand Commander, and Chief Controller of Youzhou and Jizhou. However, before his envoys could arrive, the emperor and Luoyang were captured by Liu Yao during the Disaster of Yongjia. After the emperor's capture, Wang Jun set up an altar and chose an unknown candidate as the new Crown Prince. He then claimed that he received an imperial edict to grant appointments.[11] Wang Jun appointed two men, Tian Hui (田徽) and Li Yun (李惲), as Inspector of Yanzhou and Inspector of Qingzhou, respectively. He made himself acting Prefect of the Masters of Writings and then appointed his subordinate, Pei Xian, and his son-in-law, Zao Song (棗嵩), Masters of Writing.
As Bingzhou's population declined, Liu Kun sent his clansman Liu Xi (劉希) to gather people from Wang Jun's territory in the commanderies of Dai, Shanggu and Guangning (廣寧郡, in present-day Hebei and Beijing). Wang Jun saw Liu Kun's action as an intrusion, so he sent his general Hu Ju (胡矩) and the new Duan chieftain, Duan Jilujuan, to attack Liu Xi. Wang Jun's forces killed Liu Xi and returned the people to their commanderies.
Downfall and death edit
Decline in power edit
In 312, Han's city of Yuanxiang (苑鄕, in present-day Hebei and Beijing) surrendered to Wang Jun, prompting Shi Le to lay siege on it. In response, Wang Jun sent Wang Chang (王昌) and Duan Jilujuan to attack Shi Le's base at Xiangguo. However, Duan Jilujuan's cousin, Duan Mopei, was captured in battle. Shi Le used Mopei as a hostage to negotiate peace with Jilujuan. However, to win the support of the Duan tribe, Shi Le also treated Mopei with courtesy, sent gifts to the tribe and swore an alliance with Jilujuan. The Duan tribe were impressed with Shi Le's conduct, so they withdrew from Xiangguo and began distancing themselves from Wang Jun.[12] Without the Duan's support, Wang Chang had to retreat, and Yuanxiang returned to Han.
Shortly after his victory at Xiangguo, Shi Le attacked Xindu again and killed the Inspector of Jizhou, Wang Xiang (王象), so Wang Jun replaced him with Shao Ju (邵舉). Later, Shi Le invaded Shangbai (上白; in present-day Guangzong County, Hebei)and killed Li Yun, so Wang Jun appointed Bao Sheng (薄盛) as the new Inspector of Qingzhou. Wang Jun planned to launch an attack on Shi Le with Zao Song and Duan Jilujuan, but Jilujuan refused to meet with Wang Jun. Realizing that the Duan tribe no longer supported him, Wang Jun allied with the Duan's rival Xianbei tribes, the Tuoba and Murong, to attack them. However, Duan Jilujuan defeated the Tuoba forces, while the Murong forces retreated upon hearing about their ally's defeat.
Shi Le later attacked Dingling (定陵; in present-day Xiangcheng County, Henan) and killed Tian Hui. Bao Sheng also surrendered to Shi Le, and Shi Le continued to capture more counties and commanderies in the east. As Wang Jun's influence continued to diminish, the Wuhuan leaders, Shen Guang (審廣), Jian Shang (漸裳) and Hao Xi (郝襲), all secretly defected to Shi Le's side.[13]
Capture by Shi Le edit
Despite his decline in power, Wang Jun still had ambitions to declare himself emperor, even more so after Emperor Huai was executed in 313 by Han. He subscribed to a prophecy stating that the one to replace Han bears the name 'High Road'.[a][14] His officials criticized him for his imperial ambitions, but Wang Jun had them executed. The gentry was disturbed by Wang Jun's violent impulses and distanced themselves from him. Wang Jun also began to neglect political affairs, leaving them in the hands of his corrupted officials such as Zao Song, Zhu Shuo (朱碩) and Tan Heng (貪橫). The three men's policies were so troublesome that many of Wang Jun's people fled to Murong Hui in Liaodong.
Hearing Wang Jun's situation, Shi Le contemplated attacking him. At the advice of Zhang Bin, Shi Le pretended to appear weak, sending gifts and offering his surrender to Wang Jun through a letter in 313. As Wang Jun needed a talented figure after losing most of his subordinates at the time, he was delighted by his surrender and accepted it doubtlessly. To show his loyalty, Shi Le openly declined an offer from Wang Jun's general, You Tong (游統), to rebel against Wang. The following year, when Wang Jun's envoy went to Shi Le's headquarters in Xiangguo, Shi Le hid his strongest troops to give the illusion that he was weaker than Wang Jun. When presented with an elk whisk by Wang Jun, Shi Le pretended to be afraid to grasp it and instead hung it on a wall to show his respect for him.[15] Finally, Shi Le sent a petition to visit Wang Jun, intending to submit and hail him as emperor later that year.
With the petition, Wang Jun was ready to accept Shi Le into his ranks. Before arriving at Jicheng, Shi Le killed You Tong's brother You Lun (游綸) when passing at Bairen (柏人; in present-day Xingtai, Hebei) to prevent the plan from leaking. Shi Le also sent a letter to Liu Kun, asking permission to attack Wang Jun, which Liu Kun allowed. As Shi Le drew closer, Wang Jun's generals and advisers insisted he immediately attack Shi Le, but Wang Jun scolded them and threatened to execute anyone who disobeyed him. Once he arrived, Wang Jun ordered the gatekeepers to let him in. Shi Le flooded the city with cattle and sheep seemingly as offerings to Wang Jun, but his true intention was to block the exits so that Wang Jun could not escape.[16] Wang Jun began to panic when he realized this, but it was too late. Shi Le entered the city, where he let loose his soldiers and sacked the place.
Wang Jun retreated to his chambers but was eventually arrested along with his wife by Shi Le's men. When brought face to face with Shi Le, Wang Jun scolded him and accused him of being treacherous. Shi Le responded by chastising Wang Jun for his disloyalty to the Jin imperial family and ignoring the plea of his subjects. Shi Le even stated that Wang Jun had abundant food in his granary but refused to distribute it to those affected by natural disasters.[17]
Death edit
Shi Le sent Wang Jun to Xiangguo to be executed. On the way, Wang Jun attempted suicide by drowning in a river, but the guards managed to restrain him. Once at Xiangguo, Shi Le ordered Wang Jun beheaded in the marketplace, and Wang Jun reportedly continued to curse Shi Le up to his death.[18] Shi Le gifted Wang Jun's head to the Han emperor, Liu Cong, and also had many of Wang Jun's soldiers and aides killed.
Hua Fang's epitaph edit
Hua Fang (華芳) was the third wife of Wang Jun who died in 307. In July 1965, her tombstone was discovered in Babaoshan Cemetery inscribed with an epitaph written by her husband. The stone which the epitaph is inscribed on measures 130 x 56 cm, and it is the largest excavated inscription from Wang Jun's period so far. Apart from details of Hua Fang, the epitaph also contains information of Wang Jun and his life, casting them in a positive light that contrasts the presentation of him in historical records.[19]
Notes edit
- ^ This prophecy (代漢者，當塗高也) had existed since the time of Emperor Wu of Han. The warlords Gongsun Shu and Yuan Shu had used this prophecy to justify their claim to the imperial title during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Jun's father had the style name 'Chudao' (處道) which roughly translates to 'place road'.
References edit
- ^ guiyou day of the 3rd month of the 2nd year of the Jian'xing era, per Emperor Min's biography in Book of Jin
- ^ (虞預《晋書》曰：王渾從子浚，字彭祖，司空王沉賤孽也。少時不爲親黨所知，渾謂弟深等曰：「卿等莫輕彭祖。此兒平世不减方州牧伯，亂世可爲都督三公。」) Taiping Yulan, vol. 513
- ^ (母趙氏婦，良家女也，貧賤，出入沈家，遂生浚，沈初不齒之。年十五，沈薨，無子，親戚共立浚為嗣，拜駙馬都尉。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ (及愍懷太子幽于許昌，浚承賈后旨，與黃門孫慮共害太子。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ (安北將軍、都督幽州諸軍事王浚，以天下方亂，欲結援夷狄，乃以一女妻鮮卑段務勿塵，一女妻素怒延，又表以遼西郡封務勿塵爲遼西公。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 84
- ^ (及趙王倫篡位，三王起義兵，浚擁眾挾兩端，遏絕檄書，使其境內士庶不得赴義，成都王穎欲討之而未暇也。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ (演與烏丸單于審登謀之，於是與浚期遊薊城南清泉水上... 演與浚欲合鹵簿，因而圖之。值天暴雨，兵器沾濕，不果而還。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ (王浚入鄴，士衆暴掠，死者甚衆... 浚還薊，以鮮卑多掠人婦女，命：「敢有挾藏者斬！」於是沈於易水者八千人。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 85
- ^ (弘等入長安，所部鮮卑大掠，殺二萬餘人，百官奔散，入山中，拾橡實食之。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 86
- ^ (琨與猗盧結爲兄弟，表猗盧爲大單于，以代郡封之爲代公。時代郡屬幽州，王浚不許，遣兵擊猗盧，猗盧拒破之。浚由是與琨有隙。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 87
- ^ (時劉琨大為劉聰所迫，諸避亂遊士多歸於浚。浚日以強盛，乃設壇告類，建立皇太子，備置眾官。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ (勒召末柸，與之燕飲，誓爲父子，遣還遼西。末柸在塗，日南嚮而拜者三。由是段氏專心附勒，王浚之勢遂衰。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 88
- ^ (烏丸審廣、漸裳、郝襲背王浚，密遣使來附...) Shiliuguo Chunqiu, vol. 12
- ^ (浚以父字處道，為「當塗高」應王者之讖，謀將僭號。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ (浚遺勒麈尾，勒陽不敢執，懸之於壁，朝夕拜之，曰：「我不得見王公，見其所賜，如見公也。」) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 89
- ^ (壬申，勒晨至薊，叱門者開門；猶疑有伏兵，先驅牛羊千頭，聲言上禮，實欲塞諸街巷。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 89
- ^ (浚罵曰：「胡奴調汝公，何凶逆如此！」勒數浚不忠於晉，並責以百姓餒乏，積粟五十萬斛而不振給。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ (勒至襄國，斬浚，而浚竟不為之屈，大罵而死。) Jin Shu, vol. 39
- ^ Davis, Timothy (2015). Entombed Epigraphy and Commemorative Culture in Early Medieval China: A Brief History of Early Muzhiming. BRILL. pp. 273–286. ISBN 9004306420.
- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian