The voiced bilabial flap is an uncommon non-rhotic flap. It is usually, and perhaps always, an allophone of the labiodental flap, though it is the preferred allophone in a minority of languages such as Banda and some of its neighbors.
| Voiced bilabial flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⱱ̟ | |||
| b̆ | |||
| IPA number | 184 413 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ⱱ̟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+2C71 U+031F | ||
| |||
In Mono, the sound has been described as follows:
In the first step, the lower lip retracts into the oral cavity to a position behind the upper teeth. At the same time, the upper lip descends to wrap over the upper teeth. In the second step, the lower lip moves forward quickly, flapping against the upper lip as it exits the oral cavity. It is voiced throughout the articulation. In addition, during the articulation of the sound, the tongue bunches in the back of the mouth, adding a velar component to the sound.[1]
And, for allophony between the bilabial and labiodental flap,
The articulation of the sound consists of two stages. First, the lower lip is retracted slowly into the mouth well behind the upper teeth. Second, the lower lip is brought forward rapidly striking the upper lip or upper teeth in passing.
In the literature it has often been transcribed by a w modified by the extra-short diacritic, ⟨w̆⟩.[2][3]
⟨ⱳ⟩ is an unofficial symbol for this sound. It is a conflation between ⟨ⱱ⟩ and ⟨w⟩.[4]
In 2005 the International Phonetic Association adopted the right hook v symbol to represent the labiodental flap.[5] Since then, the received transcription of the bilabial flap involves employing the labiodental flap symbol modified by an advanced diacritic: ⟨ⱱ̟⟩.[6] Since flaps are similar to brief stops, it could alternatively be transcribed as ⟨b̆⟩.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mono[7] | vwa | [ⱱ̟a] | 'send' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/. In free variation with labiodental flap | |
| Lengola[8] | [example needed] | ||||
| Mambay[9] | vbwah[10] | [ⱱ̟wâˁħ] | 'fog' | ||
| Chinese | Taiwanese Hakka Sixian[11] | 𤸁苶苶仔 | [kʰʲoʲ˥ ŋʲap˨ ŋʲaⱱ̟˨ ɛ˥˧] | tired | |
Notes
edit- ^ Kenneth S. Olson (2005) The Phonology of Mono, SIL Issue 140
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1989:70)
- ^ Olson & Hajek (2003:158)
- ^ "IPA (SIL) Keyboard Help", help.keyman.com
- ^ International Phonetic Association (2005:261)
- ^ Olson & Hajek (1999:112)
- ^ Olson (2004:233)
- ^ "Phoible 2.0 -".
- ^ "Phoible 2.0 -".
- ^ Anonby, Erik John (December 2006). "Mambay". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 221–233. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002635. S2CID 232345865.
- ^ "𤸁苶苶仔_四县（台湾）_汀州片_客语_方言_中国汉语言文学网". www.hanwenxue.com. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
References
edit- International Phonetic Association (1989), "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19 (2): 67–80, doi:10.1017/S0025100300003868, S2CID 249412330
- International Phonetic Association (2005), "IPA news", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 261–262, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002227, S2CID 232350099
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Olson, Kenneth S; Hajek, John (1999), "The phonetic status of the labial flap", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 101–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006484, S2CID 14438770
- Olson, Kenneth S; Hajek, John (2003), "Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap", Linguistic Typology, 7 (2): 157–186, doi:10.1515/lity.2003.014
Further reading
edit- Olson and Hajek, 2001. 'The Geographic and Genetic Distribution of the Labial Flap'
- Olson, Kenneth; Schrag, Brian (2000), "An overview of Mono phonology", in Wolff, H.E.; Gensler, O. (eds.), Proceedings from the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, pp. 393–409