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April 2011

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Gernika

Gernika: is the second opera written by Francisco Escudero (1912-2002) in the year 1985. His first opera was ‘Zigor’ in 1962. The libretto was written by Escudero himself and based on an idea for a plot by Luis Iriondo.

The opera consists of four acts: The first and second are divided in two scenes, the third in three scenes and the fourth is formed by one scene. The duration of the opera is about 2 hours long. Gernika was first presented in concert version in the Arriaga Theatre in Bilbao on the 25th April 1987, among other acts to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the bombarding of Gernika.

The idea came to Francisco Escudero, who was possibly already in exile, of creating a composition about the horror of the bombardment of Guernica. We know that in January 1938 he was paid 1000 Francs for the composition of a Basque stage production entitled Guernica, which had been requested by the Basque cultural embassy Eresoinka. Unfortunately the score was lost. The Eresoinka documents which have been preserved expressly indicate that the work never made it to the stage. After the tragedy of 1937 the name Guernica had become associated with the horror of the war and fascism and it was perhaps for this reason that the Basque stage production never opened, perhaps it was not commercial enough.

In essence, Gernika is a song of the Basque Country. Escudero put all his beliefs about history and nature of the community to which he belongs into this work. He presented the Basque Country as a free country with its own personality, peaceful, continuing the traditions of ancestors, who have always remained united.

Characters:

Characters Description Tessitura Gernika Young, beautiful, clairvoyant, force of the town and secret love of Gogor. Soprano Podio Leader of the royal militia, ambitious, disloyal, cruel, lover turned down by Gernika. Baritone Gogor [‘strong’] Young, well-built, passionate, untrusting with the intrusive people, secret love of Gernika Tenor Aitona [‘grandfather’] Old, wise, source of authority. Bass King King of the North, noble, true to his word, sensitive, fair. Baritone Publio Confident of the King of the North, loyal. Tenor

Synopsis:

ACT I:

Scene 1: The opera starts with the presentation of Gernika, the heroine with clairvoyant powers, force of the Basque Country. The lovers (Gernika and Gogor) see armed people in the forest and decide to give part of it to Aitona as soon as possible.

Scene 2: The armed group (led by the King of the North), announce that the King of the South is trying to conquer the countries of the whole world and he offers them his protection in exchange for them becoming his subjects. The Basques end up signing an equality pact with the King of the North, naming him his Majesty, who promised to respect their freedom, personality, customs and the old laws of the country.

ACT II:

Scene 1: Podio, entranced by the beauty of Gernika, tries to posses her. Gernika turns him down and he is furious and threatens her and the Basque Country which he swears to destroy.

Scene 2: Podio, in the name of the King, announces to the country that they must help the monarch with men and money. The Basques respond to Podio that they are a free country and that that petition goes against the pact. Despite this, disagreements arise among the Basques, for and against the suggestions of Podio. Aitona cries for the country while the women proclaim liberty and union among the Basques.

ACT III:

Scene 1: The evil and ambitious Podio tries unsuccessfully to kill the King of the North. Scene 2: Gernika again forbodes the devastation of her country. Scene 3: The historical bombarding of town of Gernika (1937) is represented.

ACT IV:

Scene 1: Taking advantage of the night time, Podio attacks, kills and burns Gernika. On seeing such an atrocity Gogor tries to get revenge for the death of his loved one, but Aitona stops him: it´s not worth it to stain your sword with venomous blood. The King will take charge of Podio´s punishment. The opera ends with a meeting in which Gernika remains in the memory of the Basque Country, “Gernika has fallen but is not lost!”

Bibliography: Information extracted from the libretto that accompanies the recording of Gernika (including an article by basque musicologist Itziar Larrinaga), realised in November and December of 2007. Title of the CD: GERNIKA (Francisco Escudero) Symphonic Orchestra of Euskadi, Choir Society of Bilbao Jose Ramon Encinar (musical director) DECCA, 2CD (0028947667957)