Wikipedia

User:Yjtalk0825/sandbox

< User:Yjtalk0825

Edit#1: Presente.org

edit

Presente.org is the largest online advocacy group for Latin American immigrants in the United States. It was co-founded by journalist Roberto Lovato and artist and activist Favianna Rodriguez in 2009 in order to "amplify the political voice of Latin@s" across the country and to help offer sustainable and stable standards of living for Latino immigrants whose political representation has been largely overlooked within the contemporary American society. [1][2]

Since its establishment, Presente.org, an Latino organization based in Los Angeles, CA, organized various social movements such as "BastaDobbs.com" and received recognition for its contributions to improving empowering political rights for Latino immigrants. In 2015, a presidential candidate for the Democratic Party, Bernie Sanders, hired Arturo Carmona, the former Executive Director of Presente.org, as the Latino Outreach and Southwest political director for his presidential campaign.[3]

Mission & Tactics

edit

The ultimate goal of Presente.org is to extend "the political imagination and traditional boundaries" for Latino immigrants and promote social justice by implementing information technology and transforming cultural norms and notions for color, race and gender among individuals in the United States.[4] The organization seeks to become an primary online hub for Latino community across the country.

There is a wide array of tactics that Presente.org implements in order to accomplish its fundamental goal including but not limited to:

  • Offering Calls to Action through email, social media, and text message
  • Organizing local-scale community events and house parties
  • Advertising its events on radio and television

Leadership

edit

Presente.org believes that making a collective voice for Latinos of "all nationalities, generations, and regions" is indispensable for ultimately expanding the political spectrums for Latino community and other minority groups in the United States. Thus, it primarily focuses on online activation where individuals join and support its events through online petitions.[5] To maximize the effectiveness of the organization's strategy, Presente.org is vertically structured with a group of several experts in social movements. At the moment, there are 8 members in the team including different positions of:

  • Executive Director
  • Senior Advisor
  • Technology Consultants
  • Campaign Consultants and Strategists

By structuring the management team in such a way, Presente.org attempts to draw the maximum number of participations in its online petition movements.[6] With the advent of social media, Presente.org also actively makes use of existing social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook where it promotes different social movements and receives charitable donations.

Campaign Archive

edit

Since its foundation, Presente.org has organized numerous social movements that influenced various aspects of the American society including climate justice, criminal justice, economic justice, human rights, immigration and media bias. Among these, there are several movements where Presente.org succeeded in bringing benign changes to the lives of the Latino community in the United States.

  • "Basta Dobbs Campaign": In 2009, Presente.org coordinated "BastaDobbs.com, a Latino-led coalition" critical of TV anchor Lou Dobbs' xenophobic commentary.[7][8][9] For a number of years, CNN's well-known news anchor, Lou Dobbs made "disrespectful and dehumanizing" claims regarding the Latino immigrants in the United States. In response to his biased commentary on news media, Presente.org created video contents, ran advertisements, and organized local-scale community events in order to call for Lou Dobbs' resignation from his position. On November 11, 2009, Lou Dobbs actually decided to leave CNN after receiving harsh criticisms from the public and activists. According to Sasha Constanza-Chock[10], the campaign organizers' clever use of broadcast media and social media played an important role in determining the success of "BastaDobbs" campaign.[11][12]
  • "Tell President Obama: Don't Deport Antonio": Antonio Vanegas, a worker in a federally-owned building, received incomes below minimum wage for a number of years. Thus, with other co-workers, Antonio Vanegas organized a one-day strike at the entrance of the building. Unfortunately, however, Antonio Vanegas was at the brink of deportation after the strike. In support for improving workplace experiences and conditions for the Latino community in the United States, Presente.org provided calls to action through email, social networks and text messages, and successfully stopped the Federal government's plan for deporting Antonio.
  • "Victory Over Arpaio! Help Make It Permanent": Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio was criticized for his "unconstitutional immigration patrols in Arizona."[13] Some of Sheriff Joe Arpiao's policies include racial profiling and establishing a hostile and inhumane immigrant detention camp. In response to this discriminatory policy implementation that devastated the quality of life of immigrants in Maricopa County, Presente.org sent hundreds of thousands of email to individuals calling for support for the Puente Human Rights Movement which is an Immigrant advocacy group based in Arizona. On November 9, 2016, Joe Arpaio failed to attain the bid for his seventh term as a Maricopa County Sheriff, and was accused by federal prosecutors for his continuing unconstitutional patrols against immigrants in Arizona.

Edit#2: Federation for American Immigration Reform

edit

Mission

edit

FAIR seeks a moratorium on net immigration by anyone other than refugees and the spouses and minor children of U.S. citizens, until it can be shown that higher immigration levels are needed.[14] FAIR also believes that the perpetual economic and social growths in the United States are no longer sustainable at the current rate of the influx of immigrants into the country. Therefore, it argues that the the country as a whole ought to devise policies that set limits on immigration and promote an environment for sustainable development.

FAIR identifies itself as a "group whose membership runs the gamut from liberal to conservative, [whose] grassroots networks help concerned citizens use their voices to speak up for effective, sensible immigration policies that work for America’s best interests".[15] Its Board of Advisors has included individuals such as former Congressman Brian Bilbray (R-CA) and former Governor Richard Lamm (D-CO). The group promotes policies to improve border security and stop illegal immigration, and to reduce legal immigration into the United States to around 300,000 people a year. FAIR's policy studies emphasize the environmental, economic, and social effects of mass immigration. FAIR's President Dan Stein serves on the 61-member board of the Citizens' Debate Commission, a nonpartisan American organization formed in 2004, which was established to sponsor future general election presidential debates.

FAIR is a member of the Coalition for the Future American Worker, which describes itself as "an umbrella organization of professional trade groups, population/environment organizations, and immigration reform groups. CFAW was formed to represent the interests of American workers and students in the formulation of immigration policy."[16]

Principles

edit

FAIR advocates "7 Principles of True Comprehensive Immigration Reform"[17]:

1. End Illegal Immigration
2. No Amnesty or Mass Guest-Worker Program
3. Protect Wages and Standards of Living
4. Major Upgrade in Interior Enforcement, Led by Strong Employers Penalties
5. Stop Special Interest Asylum Abuse
6. An Immigration Time Out
7. Equal Under the Law

Influence and work

edit
Through organizing private events and lobbying, the Federation for American Immigrant Reform has brought some impacts with regard to governmental policies including immigration and civil rights.
  • Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, Senate Bill 1070: This bill, primarily written with the help Kris Kobach, a professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School, and Kansas Secretary of State, is the newest and most controversial immigration law in Arizona.[18] Kris Kobach is the leading expert on the constitutional law in the Immigration Reform Law Institute, which is the legal arm of the Federation for American Immigration Reform.[19] The legislation was criticized for potentially encouraging racial profiling. On the contrary, the supporters argued that the law prohibits the use of race as the sole basis for investigating immigration status. The law was modified by Arizona House Bill 2162 within a week of its signing with the goal of addressing some of these concerns. There were protests in opposition to the law in over 70 U.S. cities, including boycotts and calls for boycotts of Arizona. Polling had found the law to have majority support in Arizona and nationwide. The passage of the measure has prompted other states to consider adopting similar legislation. It was scheduled to go into effect on July 29, 2010, ninety days after the end of the legislative session.[20] Legal challenges over its constitutionality and compliance with civil rights law were filed, including one by the United States Department of Justice that also asked for an injunction against enforcement of the law. The day before the law was to take effect, a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions.
    • On December 12, 2011, the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear the case. The court heard oral arguments for this case on April 25, 2012. Justice Elena Kagan recused herself from the case, presumably because while she was the United States Solicitor General, she defended the federal government's position in this case under the Obama administration.[21]
    • In June 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case Arizona v. United States, upholding the provision requiring immigration status checks during law enforcement stops but striking down three other provisions as violations of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. The majority opinion was written by Justice Kennedy and was joined by Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Ginsburg, Justice Breyer, and Justice Sotomayor. Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Alito each concurred in part and dissented in part in separate opinions joined by no other justice. Justice Kennedy's majority opinion held that Sections 3, 5(C), and 6 were preempted by federal law.[22][23][24] The three provisions struck down: required legal immigrants to carry registration documents at all times; allowed state police to arrest any individual for suspicion of being an illegal immigrant; and made it a crime for an illegal immigrant to search for a job (or to hold one) in the state.[25][26][27]
  • Protect Arizona Now, Proposition 200: In 2004, the Federation for American Immigration Reform cooperated with the group called Protect Arizona Now in order to support the passage of Proposition 200, which shares the similarities with which California’s Proposition 187 in which illegal aliens are restricted from public benefits and voting because they are most likely unable to provide the required proof of citizenship. It also made the crime of a public official not reporting illegal status a class 2 misdemeanor.[28]
  • End Sanctuary Cities Policy: After the shooting incidence in the summer of 2015 when Kathryn Steinle was killed by an undocumented immigrant, Francisco Sanchez, in San Francisco, the Federation for American Immigrant Reform organized the "End Sanctuary Cities" movement, arguing that the Federal government should end the sanctuary cities policy because the influx of illegal immigrants is the fundamental cause of criminal activities in the United States. Sanctuary cities including San Francisco are the jurisdictions where illegal immigrants are protected from Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).[29] Through lobbying in Washington D.C, and actively promoting its ideas on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, FAIR is calling for the Federal government's denial of federal funds to sanctuary jurisdictions and amendment of IIRIRA Section 642 that hampers the collection of immigration information from immigrants in the United States.
  • Suing Obama Administration for records concerning illegal alien crime rate: In 2016, the Immigration Reform Law Institute (IRLI), the affiliated group of FAIR, "filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia seeking records from the Department of Justice (DOJ) concerning illegal alien crime rates."[30] IRLI argues that Obama Administration is intentionally unwilling to debunk data regarding illegal alien crime rates in order to continue to promote the administration's so-called "no-border policies." It also maintains in its research paper that "every crime illegal aliens commit in the U.S. was potentially preventable if the illegal alien had been identified." A statistical study on criminal rates by Tim Wadsworth also points out that immigration is highly correlated with murders and robbery.[31] This lawsuit filing with a series of other local community events organized by IRLI aims at raising the public awareness regarding the adverse effect of illegal immigration.

Affiliations

edit

There are several affiliated groups that FAIR created in order to maximize its efficiency and effectiveness in bringing the success to its social movements. In 1987, FAIR founded the Immigration Reform Law Institute (IRLI) which claims that the rights, privileges, and property of U.S. citizens are threatened by immigration.[32] In 2004, FAIR also established the FAIR Congressional Task Force (FCTF) as a 501(cc(4) organization who believe that promoting public welfare requires drastic restrictions on legal immigration.[33] The Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) was spun off from FAIR in 1985.[34]

Criticism

edit

Although FAIR describes itself as nonpartisan[35] and Georgie Anne Geyer, author of Americans No More: The Death of Citizenship, describes FAIR as a "highly respected group", FAIR has received numerous criticisms for one-sidedly pursuing the notion of white nationalist in the United States. [36][37][38][39] According to Andrew Wroe, a lecturer in American Politics and author of The Republican Party and Immigration Politics,[40] the recent activities of FAIR show the evidences why FAIR can be viewed as an extremist group.[41] For instance, under John Tanton's leadership, FAIR received charitable donations of $1.2 million dollars between 1983 and 1994 from the Pioneer Fund[42], an organization dedicated to "improving the character of the American people" by promoting the practice of eugenics, or selective breeding.[43][44] The Pioneer Fund was also described by the Sunday Telegraph as a "neo-Nazi organization closely integrated with the far right in American politics" in 1989.[45] FAIR has responded to this criticism by asserting that the Fund clearly states that it supports equal opportunity for all Americans, regardless of race, religion, national origin, or ethnicity; that other major institutions, including universities and medical facilities in the United States and other countries, have also accepted grants from the Fund;[46] and that the Fund's contributions to FAIR were used only for the general operation of the organization.[47] Tanton's activities are documented in 17 file boxes of archives he donated to the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan.[48] Other FAIR organization records are stored at the Special Collections Research Center at the George Washington University.[49]

In December 2007, FAIR was designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). SPLC accused leaders of FAIR of meeting with leaders of the Belgian Nationalist group Vlaams Belang which had been condemned by the Belgian Court of Cassation for violations of the law against racism.[50] According to SPLC, FAIR and Vlaams Belang share a common notion of Nativism, a political viewpoint that supports restrictions on Immigration. Studies on the association between individuals' perceptions on immigration and Nativism by Sebastian Normandin and D. Schneider reveal that the majority of supporters for Anti-Immigration often believe that the reckless inflow of immigrants to their motherland should be controlled in order to maintain the stability in society. [51][52] FAIR has responded to this charge by stating that there is no factual basis for the accusation; that FAIR has compiled a long record of mainstream credibility and respect on immigration issues and has always opposed discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, or religion; and that the accusation is an "act of desperation, resulting from the SPLC's failure to convince the American people of their viewpoint."[47][53] FAIR president Dan Stein said of the SPLC, "They've decided to engage in unsubstantiated, invidious name-calling, smearing millions of people in this movement who simply want to see the law enforced and, frankly, lower levels of immigration".[54]

Criticisms on Anti-Immigration

edit

Apart from direct criticisms to FAIR, there are also several claims against tnti-Immigration that the Federation of American Immigration Reform supports. Link to Pro-Immigration page.

  • The influx of immigrants boosts the domestic economy as the overall demand for goods and services increases. [55][56]
  • The American society will become more enriched thanks to the introduction of foreign culture and norms. [57]
  • The inflow of immigrant populations will contribute to the expansion of the general population, leading to a sustainable economic growth.[55]

Edit#3: Center for Community Change

edit

The Center for Community Change (CCC) is a progressive community organizing group active in the United States.[58] It was founded in 1968 in response to civil rights concerns of the 1960s and to honor Robert F. Kennedy.[59][60] Through its collaboration with its affiliated group called Center for Community Change Action, it aims at creating social movements that help create a benevolent and friendly environment for all individuals regardless of their gender, race and ethnicity. Most movements organized by the Center for Community Change are targeted toward empowering the marginalized groups and improving their quality of life in the community.[61] CCC has received funding from the Democracy Alliance and the Tides Advocacy Fund.[62][63]

Missions & Areas of Focus

edit

The fundamental missions for the Center for Community Change are as following[61]:

  • Building the power and capability of the marginalized groups, particularly the low-income people of color
  • Changing the public awareness with respect to low-income individuals in the communities
  • Calling for the changes in the public policies that favor the improvement of standard of living

In the course of empowering the marginalized individuals, the Center for Community Change has set its primary areas of focus including:

  • Jobs and Wages
  • Immigration
  • Retirement Security
  • Affordable Housing
  • Racial Justice
  • Barriers to Employment for individuals with criminal records

Strategies & Activities

edit

The Center for Community Change generally works in urban areas, especially within the communities of color, and attempts to create resident-based groups to work on the local issues of concern. The organization sponsors internships and training programs in several areas, including community organizing, service learning, union organizing, electoral engagement, and youth/student organizing.[64] The key element in empowering people and promoting grassroots movement is the provision of appropriate resources and education. [65] Thus, the Center for Community Change focuses on providing resources for grassroots groups in terms of campaign strategy, funding and social media use. It also helps provide education for individuals and let them develop their own leadership skills for social movements. It also provides a platform where grassroots movements can make a collective voice on certain issues. For instance, in 2004, through the collaboration with with immigrant groups, the Center for Community Change organized the Fair Immigration Reform Movement that "empowered immigrants to speak out."[66] CCC has helped to create government programs like the Community Reinvestment Act and the food stamps program.[67]

Two major social movements organized by CCC:

edit
Economic Justice
edit
  • "Putting Families First: Good Jobs for All": This event was launched in 2015 in an attempt to achieve economic justice for marginalized groups in the United States. Workers of color and women do not have sufficient access to employment although they were good enough to take the positions. The core principles of this movement is to create workplace environments that value family, to guarantee minimum wage, "unlock opportunities in the poorest communities, and increase in income taxes for the wealthy.[68]
Immigration Advocacy
edit
  • Fair Immigration Reform Movement (FIRM): This is the immigration reform movement which attracted numerous grassroots movements to join and make a collective voice on immigration reforms in the United States. In other words, FIRM is a coalition of immigrant rights organizations working for comprehensive immigration reform that received funding from the Open Society Foundations and the Ford Foundation.[69][70] In 2004, the Center for Community Change with other national immigrant groups and other minority groups such as LGBT, labor, civil rights and education communities organized the so-called FIRM in order to guarantee wage equality and work protections for undocumented workers. Following the success of the Fair Immigration Reform Movement, other digital immigration reform campaigns were created such as #DREAMers where undocumented youth volunteered to publicly speak up and share their narratives of family sacrifice and deportation.[71]

Edit#4: Fair Immigration Reform Movement

edit

The Fair Immigration Reform Movement (FAIR)[72] which started in 2000 by Center For Community Change is a grassroots movement that supports comprehensive immigration reform and the civil rights of immigrants in the United States. Now, this immigrant rights movement is led by a coalition of 30 different immigration rights movement organizations across the country.[73] The FAIR has two fundamental goals: Help different grassroots organizations make a collective voice on comprehensive immigration reform & Address immigrants' predicaments in the U.S. including their economic inequality and political under-representation.

  • Principles of the Fair Immigration Reform Movement
  • A list of grassroots organizations, and discuss how making a collective voice on the issue creates a positive impact on comprehensive immigration reform.[74][75]
  • Influence and outcome (I will include how this movement led to changes in the contemporary Americans' perception on immigration reform, and actually brought legislative changes)
  • The future of this movement (I will discuss where this movement is heading towards. Additionally, I will describe some strategies that Center for Community Change is implementing in order to attract public attention on immigrant rights movement such as making an active use of social media)

History

edit

Since its beginning in 2004, the Fair Immigration Reform Movement has been the central hub for the "comprehensive immigration reform and the civil rights of immigration" in the United States. This social movement has encouraged hundreds of immigrant and non-immigrant organizations to collectively call for the improvement of the lives of marginalized communities of color, gender, race and ethnicity.[76] In 2007, the Fair Immigration Reform Movement gained a nation-wide recognition[77]; thus, consequently, through making a collective voice, the movement could manage to attain a momentum for long-term social changes in the United States. [78]

Principles

edit

There are 9 fundamental principles of the Fair Immigration Reform Movement. The participants of the movement argue that the United States is a country of immigrants. Therefore, "the welcoming spirit of the country is deeply rooted in the values of family, equality and opportunity."[79][80]

  1. Provide a Path to Citizenship for all members of communities
  2. Address the root causes of Migration
  3. Reunite All the families and reduce immigration backlogs
  4. Provide opportunities for safe future migration and maintain worker protections
  5. Establish Border policy that protects border communities
  6. Respect the safety and security of all in immigration enforcement
  7. End the mass detention of immigrants
  8. Recognize immigrants' full humanity and rights
  9. Preserve and expand pathways for African immigrants

Outcomes

edit

Prior to the movement, it was reported that about 2 million undocumented immigrants were deported in the beginning of the 21st century.[81] After FAIR, there have been several legislative and social changes in the United States with respect to the immigration reform.

  • Legislative changes: In California, there were several significant passages of bills including California DREAM Act (AB130 & AB131) which allow even undocumented college students to enjoy the benefits of financial aid. The passage of AB1236 prevented city and county governments from "mandating the use of the federal E-Verify programs." California Governor Jerry Brown also signed AB207 which provides a universal access to education from K-12 schools to all students even if their parents' immigration status remains undocumented.[82]
  • Social changes: The movement helped raise the public awareness regarding the lives and hardships of undocumented immigrants in the United States. Through FAIR, undocumented immigrants received greater supports from various groups in the United States.

Long-Term Goals and Threats

edit

The leaders of FIRM endeavor to sustain the energy of the movement. Thus, they assist local immigrant rights organizations to gain "powerful voices for their communities." FIRM also supports the youth leadership in local communities in order to "give the next generation of immigrant community leaders a collective national voice." Not only does FIRM provide resources such as information, strategic advice and tools to local organizations, but it also provides a platform where immigrant rights organizations can share ideas and make a collective voice.

The recent election result may pose a threat to the movement. President-elect Donald Trump has been extremely hostile to illegal immigration throughout the 2016 presidential election. [83]

Edit#5: Inequality within immigrant families in the United States

edit

Duality of Exclusion

edit
  • Nichollas Walter in his study of youth immigrants reveal that the young immigrants constantly encounters the duality of exclusion and inclusion in their life. They often define themselves as Americans because their philosophies and mindsets are no different from other contemporary Americans. However, at the same time, they feel excluded in the real life because they cannot easily debunk their undocumented immigrant status.[84][85] This experience often hampers a stable formation of identity among these young second-generations. Consequently, due to their discouraging youth period, these young immigrants are often discouraged to participate in the politics even after they gained appropriate legal status for residency in the United States.[86] Recently, there have been #DREAMers online movements on different social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. In fact, social media has become a key tool for the younger immigrant population in their process of assimilating into the U.S. society. By publicly sharing their narratives as undocumented immigrants, these young immigrants could successfully increase their political representation and solidify a sense of personal identity.[87]

Drafting my articles

edit

1. Presente.org

  • Weakness: The current page for Presente.org only offers a brief explanation about this American advocacy group that aims to increase the Latino immigrants' political representation. To be frank, it is really hard to grasp the purpose of this non-profit organization by reading current Wikipedia page. Moreover, there is little mention about some major campaigns in which this organization played a crucial role. For instance, there is a one-sentence description of "BastaDobbs" campaign which led to a resignation of CNN TV anchor Lou Dobbs who constantly made xenophobic commentaries on Latino immigrants in his TV show.
  • What to Improve:
    • Create new sections to provide better understanding of Presente.org[88] itself including but not limited to:
    • Improve the "Campaigns" section by
      • Describing other featured social movements that Presente.org is organizing or collaborating with other organizations[88]
      • Adding augmented explanations about "BastaDobbs" campaign. I will also explain how a group of individuals actually lead to an end of Lou Dobbs' 30-year-long career as an anchor. According to Sasha Constanza-Chock[10], the campaign organizers' clever use of broadcast media and social media played an important role in determining the success of "BastaDobbs" campaign.[11][12]

2. Federation for American Immigration Reform

  • Weakness: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) is a non-profit organization that actively organizes anti-immigration movements in the U.S.. It argues that immigration is the fundamental cause of unemployment, environmental pollution and other social problems. Thus, by adopting anti-immigration laws which regulate immigrant population, the contemporary U.S. society can better address the above-mentioned social issues, and improve quality of life.[89] There are a few problems associated with this page. First of all, the page is quite outdated. For instance, under "Influence and work" section, the latest activity described on the page is FAIR's protest against the Arizona v. United States in 2012. Although it is still actively involved in supporting anti-immigration legislation, an outdated Wikipedia page may give readers a misleading impression that this organization no longer exists. Secondly, under the "Criticism" section of this page, it mentions that "FAIR was designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)" in 2007. Yet, there is no in-depth explanation about why SLPC made such decision. Additionally, "Position on the issues" section only highlights FAIR's mission but does not specify its viewpoint on various issues related to immigration. This section is no different from a "lead" section in the very beginning of the page. I find a need to divide up this section into other sub-sections such as economic and immigration policies to better explain FAIR's stance on each federal regulation and legislation. This page also lacks counter-arguments from opposing parties that support immigration reform.
  • What to Improve:
    • Include a list of activities that FAIR is organizing and collaborating with other organizations up until now with brief explanations on each activity.[89]
    • Provide an in-depth explanation about why SLPC designated FAIR as a hate group by introducing a concept of Nativism.[51][52]
    • Create several sub-sections, and explain why FAIR is maintaining such stance on these issues.
      • Economic Policies
      • Immigration Policies
    • Create a sub section of "Counter-arguments" under the section of "Position on the issues.". In this section, I am going to discuss the arguments against economic and immigration policies that FAIR is calling for. Pro-immigration scholars argue that the influx of immigrants can actually re-vitalize the U.S. economy and improve the quality of life.[57] [55][56] Then, I will also link this section to Fair Immigration Reform Movement page that describes pro-immigration rights movements in the U.S.

3. Center for Community Change

  • Weakness: Center for Community Change is a progressive community organizing group that supports pro-immigration movements such as Fair Immigration Reform Movement (FIRM).[90] Despite being one of the "first national non-immigrant organizations to make comprehensive immigration reform a priority almost 15 years ago," its Wikipedia page lacks lots of information.
  • What to Improve:

4. Fair Immigration Reform Movement

  • This movement is organized by Center for Community Change. Unfortunately, however, there is not a Wikipedia page on this immigration rights movement. Thus, I decided to create a new page for this issue.
  • Lead Section
    • The Fair Immigration Reform Movement (FAIR)[91] which started in 2000 by Center For Community Change is a grassroots movement that supports comprehensive immigration reform and the civil rights of immigrants in the United States. Now, this immigrant rights movement is led by a coalition of 30 different immigration rights movement organizations across the country.[92] The FAIR has two fundamental goals: Help different grassroots organizations make a collective voice on comprehensive immigration reform & Address immigrants' predicaments in the U.S. including their economic inequality and political under-representation.
  • Outline of this page
    • Lead Section
    • Principles of the Fair Immigration Reform Movement
    • A list of grassroots organizations, and discuss how making a collective voice on the issue creates a positive impact on comprehensive immigration reform.[93][94]
    • Influence and outcome (I will include how this movement led to changes in the contemporary Americans' perception on immigration reform, and actually brought legislative changes)
    • The future of this movement (I will discuss where this movement is heading towards. Additionally, I will describe some strategies that Center for Community Change is implementing in order to attract public attention on immigrant rights movement such as making an active use of social media)

5. Inequality within immigrant families in the United States

  • Weakness: In the "Generation," there is a sub-section called "Degree of Assimilation" which points out a cultural gap between the younger immigrant generation and the older generation. Although, it explains the causes of such differences between immigrant generations such as language and cultural norms fairly well, there is no mention about struggles which young immigrant generation often encounters in the course of settling in U.S.[95][96]
  • What to Improve:
    • Describe the duality of exclusion and inclusion that the young immigrant generation constantly encounters in daily life.[97][98]
    • Explain how this youth experience contributes to immigrants' formation of their identity, and immigrants' political representation in U.S.[99]
    • Highlight that, nowadays, social media such as Facebook and Twitter has become a key tool for the younger immigrant population in the process of assimilating into the U.S. society. I will give an example of how sharing narratives and opinions in social media ignited the younger generation's participation in social movements such as #DREAMers. It is also important to mention that through their participation in these immigration rights movements, young immigrants could increase their political representation, and solidify a sense of personal identity.[100]

References

edit
  1. ^ Tarso Luís Ramos (August 1, 2010). "Basta Dobbs!: An Interview With Roberto Lovato". Political Research Assosiates. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. ^ "Presente.org". Idealist.
  3. ^ Suzanne Gamboa (October 2, 2015). "Sanders Hires Arturo Carmona of Presente.org for Latino Outreach". NBC News. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ Berggren, Niclas; Nilsson, Therese (2016). "Tolerance In The United States: Does Economic Freedom Transform Racial, Religious, Political And Sexual Attitudes?". European Journal Of Political Economy – via ScienceDirect.
  5. ^ Dixon, John (2015). "Divide And Rule, Unite And Resist: Contact, Collective Action And Policy Attitudes Among Historically Disadvantaged Groups."". Journal Of Social Issues. 71.3 – via Academic Search Complete. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Hacking, Nick; Flynn, Andrew (2015). "Networks, Power And Knowledge In The Planning System: A Case Study Of Energy From Waste". Progress In Planning – via ScienceDirect.
  7. ^ "Lou Dobbs resigns from CNN." Los Angeles Times, Nov. 11, 2009
  8. ^ Bill Hutchinson. "Anchor Dobbs says Hasta la Vista to CNN." Daily News (New York), November 12, 2009
  9. ^ Brian Stelter and Bill Carter. "In Surprise, Lou Dobbs Quits CNN," New York Times, November 12, 2009
  10. ^ a b "Digital Popular Communication: Lessons On Information And Communication Technologies For Social Change From The Immigrant Rights Movement". National Civic Review. 100.3 (2011): 29.
  11. ^ a b Chen, Hsuan-Ting; Ping, Sun; Chen, Gan. "Full Length Article: Far From Reach But Near At Hand: The Role Of Social Media For Cross-National Mobilization". Computers In Human Behavior. 53.(2015): 443-451. ScienceDirect.
  12. ^ a b Dekker, Rianne; Engbersen, Godfried. "How Social Media Transform Migrant Networks And Facilitate Migration". Global Networks. 14.4 (2014): 401-418.
  13. ^ "In Victory for Immigrants' Rights Activists, Sheriff Joe Arpaio Loses Re-election in Arizona". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  14. ^ Federation for American Immigration Reform: "Why America Needs an Immigration Time-Out", fairus.org; accessed July 2, 2015.
  15. ^ FAIR: : About FAIR, fairus.org; accessed July 2, 2015.
  16. ^ What is the Coalition for the Future American Worker, americanworker.org; accessed July 2, 2015.
  17. ^ Federation for American Immigration Reform: 7 Principles of True Comprehensive Immigration Reform
  18. ^ Schwartz, J.; Archibold, R.C. (2010-04-27). "A Law Facing a Tough Road Through the Courts". New York Times.
  19. ^ Beirich, H. (2010-03-20). "Guest Commentary: Don't poison immigration debate". Gadsden Times.
  20. ^ General Effective Dates, Arizona State Legislature. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  21. ^ Liptak, Adam; Cushman Jr., Adam H. (June 25, 2012). "Blocking Parts of Arizona Law, Justices Allow Its Centerpiece". The New York Times. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  22. ^ Arizona v. United States, No. 11-182
  23. ^ Andrew Cohen "Razing Arizona: Supreme Court Sides With Feds on Immigration", The Atlantic, June 25, 2012; retrieved March 9, 2016.
  24. ^ David G. Savage, "Supreme Court strikes down key parts of Arizona immigration law", Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2012; retrieved March 9, 2016.
  25. ^ Robert Barnes,Supreme Court Rejects Much of Arizona Immigration Law, Washington Post, June 25, 2012; retrieved March 9, 2016.
  26. ^ Tom Cohen and Bill Mears,Supreme Court mostly rejects Arizona immigration law; gov says 'heart' remains, CNN, June 26, 2012; retrieved March 9, 2016.
  27. ^ Supreme Court decision on Arizona's immigration law, cnn.com, June 26, 2012; retrieved March 9, 2016.
  28. ^ Wilson, T.D. (2008). "Research Note: Issues of Production vs. Reproduction/Maintenance Revisited: Towards an Understanding of Arizona's Immigration Policies". Anthropological Quarterly. 81 (3): 713–18. doi:10.1353/anq.0.0026. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  29. ^ "Sanctuary Cities: Obstructing Immigration Enforcement". www.fairus.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  30. ^ "IRLI Sues Obama Administration for Records Concerning Illegal Alien Crime Rates". www.fairus.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  31. ^ Wadsworth, Tim (2016). "Is Immigration Responsible for the Crime Drop? An Assessment of the Influence of Immigration on Changes in Violent Crime Between 1990 and 2000". Social Science Quarterly. 91.2: 531–553 – via Business Source Complete.
  32. ^ Immigration Reform Law Institute, irli.org; accessed August 28, 2015.
  33. ^ FAIR Congressional Task Force, fairtaskforce.com; accessed August 28, 2015.
  34. ^ DeParle, J. (April 17, 2011). "The Anti-Immigration Crusader]". New York Times.
  35. ^ DeParle, J. (April 17, 2011). "The Anti-Immigration Crusader]". New York Times.
  36. ^ Geyer, Georgie Anne (August 10, 2009). "WE SHOULD BE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION". uexpress.com. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  37. ^ Beau Hodai, "Selling the anti-immigration story", Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, June 1, 2011; retrieved March 5, 2016.
  38. ^ Jordan, M. (2004-11-04). "The Bush Victory Limits Arizona's Illegal Immigrants' Access to Benefits". Wall Street Journal. p. A4.
  39. ^ Feldmann, L. (1992-01-30). "Salvadoran Immigrants Feel Tense - Uncertainty About Future Status". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  40. ^ "Andrew Wroe". Macmillan. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  41. ^ Wroe, Andrew (2008). The Republican party and immigration politics. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230-60053-9.
  42. ^ "The New Nativism" Leonard Zeskind, November 10, 2005, The American Prospect
  43. ^ Selling the anti-immigration story, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, Beau Hodai, June 1, 2011; retrieved March 5, 2016.
  44. ^ Potok, Mark (2004). "Racist Skinheads, Klan Groups Up in 2002". Intelligence Report. 2004 (113). Southern Poverty Law Center: 59–63.
  45. ^ "Fascism Resurgent", fair.org; accessed March 5, 2016.
  46. ^ ISAR, ferris.edu; accessed July 2, 2015.
  47. ^ a b "FAIR: Response to the Southern Poverty Law Center". Federation for American Immigration Reform. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  48. ^ Beirich, Heidi (2008). "The Tanton Files". Intelligence Report. 2008 (132). Southern Poverty Law Center.
  49. ^ Preliminary Guide to the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, 1867-2006, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, George Washington University.
  50. ^ FAIR: Crossing the Rubicon of Hate Hatewatch, Southern Poverty Law Center, December 11, 2007
  51. ^ a b Normandin, Sebastian; Valles, Sean A. "How A Network Of Conservationists And Population Control Activists Created The Contemporary US Anti-Immigration Movement". Endeavour. 39.(2015): 95-105. ScienceDirect.
  52. ^ a b Schneider, D. "Not Fit For Our Society: Immigration And Nativism In America". Historian. 74.1 (n.d.): 128-129. Arts & Humanities Citation Index.
  53. ^ Beware the Politicized "Hate Group" Designations by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), splcreport.com; accessed July 2, 2015.
  54. ^ Hsu, S.S. (2009-09-15). "Immigration, Health Debates Cross Paths". The Washington Post.
  55. ^ a b c Ward, Matthew. "They Say Bad Things Come In Threes: How Economic, Political And Cultural Shifts Facilitated Contemporary Anti-Immigration Activism In The United States". Journal Of Historical Sociology. 27.2 (2014): 263.
  56. ^ a b Gleeson, Shannon. "They Come Here To Work': An Evaluation Of The Economic Argument In Favor Of Immigrant Rights". Citizenship Studies. 19.3/4 (2015): 400.
  57. ^ a b Steil, Justin P.; Vasi, Ion B. "The New Immigration Contestation: Social Movements And Local Immigration Policy Making In The United States, 2000-2011". American Journal Of Sociology. 119.4 (2014): 1104.
  58. ^ Dreier, Peter (October 24, 2013). "Activists to Watch: Deepak Bhargava". Moyers & Company. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  59. ^ Epstein Korten, Alice (2009). Change Philanthropy: Candid Stories of Foundations Maximizing Results through Social Justice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 277. ISBN 9780470522110.
  60. ^ Odekon, Mehmet (2006). Encyclopedia of World Poverty, Volume 1. SAGE Publications. p. 134. ISBN 9781452265186.
  61. ^ a b "Mission". Center for Community Change. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  62. ^ Blumenthal, Paul (January 29, 2015). "Groups With Liberal Ties Tapped To Re-Elect The GOP Establishment". Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  63. ^ Grim, Ryan (February 28, 2012). "Democracy Alliance Dumps Progressive Organizations". Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  64. ^ Rimer, Sara (April 10, 2009). "Community Organizing Never Looked So Good". New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  65. ^ Hossain, Mokter (2016). "Review: Grassroots Innovation: A Systematic Review Of Two Decades Of Research". Journal Of Cleaner Production. 137: 973–981 – via ScienceDirect.
  66. ^ Stolz, Rich (2011). "Lessons For The Future Of Immigration Reform". Social Policy. 41.3: 4–19 – via Education Source.
  67. ^ Odekon, Mehmet (2006). Encyclopedia of World Poverty, Volume 1. SAGE Publications. p. 134. ISBN 9781452265186.
  68. ^ Leong, F; Tang, M (2016). "Career Barriers for Chinese Immigrants in the United States". Career Development Quarterly. 64.3: 259–271 – via Education Source.
  69. ^ "Center for Community Change / Fair Immigration Reform Movement". Open Society Foundations. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  70. ^ "Center for Community Change". Ford Foundation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  71. ^ "Racial Justice and Immigrant Rights - Center for Community Change". Center for Community Change. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  72. ^ "Fair Immigration Reform Movement". www.fairimmigration.org. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  73. ^ Chief, Ryan Grim Washington Bureau; Post, The Huffington (2012-02-28). "Liberal Donor Network Dumps Progressive Organizations". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  74. ^ Winders, Jamie. "Representing The Immigrant: Social Movements, Political Discourse, And Immigration In The U.S. South". Southeastern Geographer. 51.4 (2011): 596-614.
  75. ^ Jaworsky, Bernadette N. "Mobilising For Immigrant Rights Online: Performing 'American' National Identity Through Symbols Of Civic-Economic Participation". Journal Of Intercultural Studies. 36.5 (2015): 579.
  76. ^ Winders, Jamie. "Representing The Immigrant: Social Movements, Political Discourse, And Immigration In The U.S. South". Southeastern Geographer. 51.4 (2011): 596-614.
  77. ^ "The state of immigration reform in America". MSNBC. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  78. ^ Jaworsky, Bernadette N. "Mobilising For Immigrant Rights Online: Performing 'American' National Identity Through Symbols Of Civic-Economic Participation". Journal Of Intercultural Studies. 36.5 (2015): 579.
  79. ^ "Fair Immigration Reform Movement | About". www.fairimmigration.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  80. ^ Stolz, Rich (2011). "Lessons For The Future Of Immigration Reform". Social Policy. 41.3: 4–19 – via Education Source.
  81. ^ "Immigration Reform | Center for Community Change Action". www.cccaction.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  82. ^ "Communities for a New California :: Five Victories By The California Immigrant Rights Movement". www.anewcalifornia.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  83. ^ "PolitiFact Sheet: Trump's immigration plan". PolitiFact. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  84. ^ Gonzalez, Marc-Tizoc. "Critical Ethnic Legal Histories: Unearthing the Interracial Justice of Filipino American Agriculture Labor Organizing". UC Irvine Law Review. 3 (2013): 991.
  85. ^ Nicholls, Walter. "From Political Opportunities To Niche-Openings: The Dilemmas Of Mobilizing For Immigrant Rights In Inhospitable Environments". Theory & Society. 43.1 (2014): 23.
  86. ^ Nicholls, Walter J.; Fiorito, Tara. "Dreamers Unbound: Immigrant Youth Mobilizing". New Labor Forum. 24.1 (2015): 86-92. Sage Publications Inc.
  87. ^ Ebert, Kim; Okamoto, Dina G. "Social Citizenship, Integration And Collective Action: Immigrant Civic Engagement In The United States". Social Forces. 91.4 (2013): 1267-1292.
  88. ^ a b "Presente.org". www.presente.org. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  89. ^ a b "Federation for American Immigration Reform". www.fairus.org. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  90. ^ "Center for Community Change". Center for Community Change. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  91. ^ "Fair Immigration Reform Movement". www.fairimmigration.org. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  92. ^ Chief, Ryan Grim Washington Bureau; Post, The Huffington (2012-02-28). "Liberal Donor Network Dumps Progressive Organizations". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  93. ^ Winders, Jamie. "Representing The Immigrant: Social Movements, Political Discourse, And Immigration In The U.S. South". Southeastern Geographer. 51.4 (2011): 596-614.
  94. ^ Jaworsky, Bernadette N. "Mobilising For Immigrant Rights Online: Performing 'American' National Identity Through Symbols Of Civic-Economic Participation". Journal Of Intercultural Studies. 36.5 (2015): 579.
  95. ^ Ansley, Fran. "Constructing citizenship without a license: The struggle of undocumented immigrants in the USA for livelihoods and recognition". Studies in Social Justice. 4.2 (2010): 165-178.
  96. ^ Morrissey, Megan E. "A DREAM Disrupted: Undocumented Migrant Youth Disidentifications With U.S. Citizenship". Journal Of International & Intercultural Communication. 6.2 (2013): 145.
  97. ^ Gonzalez, Marc-Tizoc. "Critical Ethnic Legal Histories: Unearthing the Interracial Justice of Filipino American Agriculture Labor Organizing". UC Irvine Law Review. 3 (2013): 991.
  98. ^ Nicholls, Walter. "From Political Opportunities To Niche-Openings: The Dilemmas Of Mobilizing For Immigrant Rights In Inhospitable Environments". Theory & Society. 43.1 (2014): 23.
  99. ^ Nicholls, Walter J.; Fiorito, Tara. "Dreamers Unbound: Immigrant Youth Mobilizing". New Labor Forum. 24.1 (2015): 86-92. Sage Publications Inc.
  100. ^ Ebert, Kim; Okamoto, Dina G. "Social Citizenship, Integration And Collective Action: Immigrant Civic Engagement In The United States". Social Forces. 91.4 (2013): 1267-1292.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Yjtalk0825/sandbox&oldid=750522996"