Original
editHydroelectric plants
editIn the Philippines, there are hydroelectric plants of both the conventional dam and run-of-the-river types. Of twenty-nine hydroelectric plants, fourteen are conventional dam and fifteen are run-of-the-river systems.[1][2][3]
Many areas of the Philippines are suitable for hydroelectricity production.[4] However, hydroelectricity production in the Philippines can cause upstream and downstream flooding during monsoonal weather and when excess water is released from dams.[4][5]
Edit
editHydroelectric plants
editHydropower is one of the main sources of renewable energy in the Philippines. There are hydroelectric plants of both the conventional dam and run-of-the-river types in the country. Of twenty-nine hydroelectric plants, fourteen are conventional dam and fifteen are run-of-the-river systems.[1][2][3] Hydropower accounts for 11.8% of the energy generation and 17-18% of installed capacity in the Philippines.[6][7][8]
Many areas of the Philippines are suitable for hydroelectricity production.[4] However, hydroelectricity production in the Philippines can cause upstream and downstream flooding during monsoonal weather and when excess water is released from dams.[4][5] Hydropower integration also has the potential to disturb pre-existing natural ecosystems and cultures as well as cause land dispossession and community resettlement.[7][9] The methods of using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to determine suitable sites for constructing hydroelectric plants do not tend to incorporate social or environmental considerations.[10] In response to the construction of large scale hydroelectric infrastructure, opposition movements have arisen. Anti-dam organizations and protests may advocate for indigenous peoples, environmental conservation, anti-capitalism, or anti-imperialism.[8] Vocal environmental human rights defenders have been red-tagged by the government or extra-judicially killed by the military or police.[8][9][11] The rights, concerns, and political agency of indigenous peoples trying to protect their villages and sacred sites from being submerged have often been disregarded due to urban-centric economic development.[8][9]
Incorporating small scale plants, especially micro-hydroelectric plants that have a capacity of less than 0.1 MW (100 kW), may mitigate adverse side effects and be a cost-effective way to bring electricity to rural and off-the-grid communities.[7] Isolated mountain communities have seen improvements in education, community engagement, and economy due to improved lighting provided by micro-hydropower.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b "List of existing plants (Luzon)" Archived 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy
- ^ a b "List of existing plants (Visayas)" Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy
- ^ a b "List of existing plants (Mindanao) Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy
- ^ a b c d "Hydropower" Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Accessed 8 April 2016
- ^ a b "Release of Angat, Ipo dam water aggravates Bulacan floods" InterAksyon.com Accessed 8 April 2016.
- ^ Erdiwansyah; Mamat, R.; Sani, M. S. M.; Sudhakar, K. (2019-06-20). "Renewable energy in Southeast Asia: Policies and recommendations". Science of The Total Environment. 670: 1095–1102. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.273. ISSN 0048-9697.
- ^ a b c Guiamel, Ismail Adal; Lee, Han Soo (2020-11-01). "Potential hydropower estimation for the Mindanao River Basin in the Philippines based on watershed modelling using the soil and water assessment tool". Energy Reports. 6: 1010–1028. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.025. ISSN 2352-4847.
- ^ a b c d Delina, Laurence L. (2020-07-01). "Indigenous environmental defenders and the legacy of Macli-ing Dulag: Anti-dam dissent, assassinations, and protests in the making of Philippine energyscape". Energy Research & Social Science. 65: 101463. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101463. ISSN 2214-6296.
- ^ a b c Talamayan, Fernan (2020-05-01). "Mapping Anti-Dam Movements: The Politics of Water Reservoir Construction and Hydropower Development Projects in the Philippines". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3748391.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Fesalbon, R. M. A.; Blanco, A. C. (2019-12-23). "HYDROPOWER DAM SITE SELECTION AND VISUALIZATION USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES: A CASE OF MARINDUQUE, PHILIPPINES". The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLII-4–W19. Copernicus GmbH: 207–214. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W19-207-2019.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Del Bene, Daniela; Scheidel, Arnim; Temper, Leah (2018-05-01). "More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge". Sustainability Science. 13 (3): 617–633. doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1. ISSN 1862-4057.
- ^ Arnaiz, M.; Cochrane, T. A.; Hastie, R.; Bellen, C. (2018-08-01). "Micro-hydropower impact on communities' livelihood analysed with the capability approach". Energy for Sustainable Development. 45: 206–210. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2018.07.003. ISSN 0973-0826.