User:Xtinex 619/sandbox

Female Migrant Worker: The Informal Sector

The spread of global neoliberalism has contributed to physically displaced people, which translates to displaced workers, worldwide Neoliberal globalization contributes to the growing numbers of women migrant workers employed in the underground and informal sector. These nontraditional jobs include: street vending, community gardening, food selling, sewing and tailoring, laundry service, water selling, car cleaning, home cleaning, and various kinds of artisan production. (Beneria, Lourdes, et al.)

Work found in the informal economy is defined as being outside the legal regulation of the state. These positions are frequently precarious and lack the social contracts often found between employee and employer in the formal sector. This unofficial economy is often found in locations that are between home and work and combine personal and private spaces. Because migrant women workers often occupy the lowest economic positions, this leaves them especially vulnerable to exploitation and dangerous working conditions. Guy Standing termed this kind of worker, The Precariat.

Commonly, the informal sector is the only place where displaced workers are able to find alternatives to formal economy. Women are frequently at the bottom of the economic hierarchy due to various factors, including a lack of education. Despite the United Nations' Girls Education Initiative, there remains high rates of illiteracy among women in African and Asian countries. Thus, women migrant workers perform a high percentage of work found in the informal economy.

Women migrant workers frequently care for children that they are alone responsible for. The informal sector allows for public and private space to be merged and accommodate their care-taking responsibilities

Through case studies, it has been determined that men and women migrate for similar reasons. Mainly, they leave places in search of better opportunities, most often financial. Women have the added push to migrate to escape oppressive environments and/or abusive spouses.

Works Cited

Beneria, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and María S. Floro. Gender, Development, and Globalization: Economics As If All People Mattered. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Flores-González, Nilda. Immigrant Women Workers in the Neoliberal Age. University of Illinois Press, 2013.

Ehrenreich, Barbara., and Arlie Russell Hochschild. Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. 1st ed., Metropolitan Books, 2003.

Good Gingrich, Luann. “The Symbolic Economy of Trans-Border Governance: A Case Study of Subjective Exclusion and Migrant Women from Mexico.” Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 1, 2010, pp. 161–184.

Standing, Guy. The Precariat : The New Dangerous Class, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2011.

Xtinex 619 (talk) 19:34, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

---

Assignment: Article

Migrant Worker: Lead paragraph and Women Migrant Workers

Assignment: Bibliography

Preliminary Bibliography

Delogu, Marco, Frédéric Docquier, and Joël Machado. "Globalizing Labor and the World Economy: The Role of Human Capital."Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 23, no. 2, 2018, pp. 223-258. ProQuest, http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/2010929981?accountid=13758, doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.1007/s10887-017-9153-z.

Hastie, Bethany. "The Inequality of Low-Wage Migrant Labour: Reflections on PN v FR and OPT v Presteve Foods." Canadian Journal of Law and Society, vol. 33, no. 2, 2018, pp. 243-259. ProQuest, http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/2099339732?accountid=13758, doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.1017/cls.2018.10.

Jackson, Emma. "Gender, Migration, and the Work of Care."Canadian Journal of Sociology (Online), vol. 43, no. 2, 2018, pp. 191-194. ProQuest, http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/2083617935?accountid=13758.

Maestripieri, Lara. "A Job of One’s Own. does Women’s Labor Market Participation Influence the Economic Insecurity of Households?"Societies, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018, pp. 7. ProQuest, http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/2026425752?accountid=13758, doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.3390/soc8010007.

Zani, Beatrice. "Trapped in Migration." China Perspectives, no. 1, 2018, pp. 75-85. ProQuest, http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/2068854253?accountid=13758.

Zwysen, Wouter, and Neli Demireva. "An Examination of Ethnic Hierarchies and Returns to Human Capital in the UK." Social Inclusion, vol. 6, no. 3, 2018, pp. 6-33. ProQuest, http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/2089849439?accountid=13758, doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.17645/si.v6i3.1457.

Assignment: Add Citations

After becoming familiar with the Wikipedia article, “Gender and Development” I noticed some similar language from our course text, Gender, Development, and Globalization: economics as if all people mattered. In those instances, I inserted the citation. I realized that the content was added prior to the 2016 publication of the text so I checked and discovered that this text is the second edition. Likely, the exact words were pulled from the first addition. My instinct is to change the writing but I feel that the introduction is problematic and needs more than rephrasing.

In addition to the above citation, I am interested in adding the “Commission on the Status of Women" to support the reference to the 1962 report. As of yet, I cannot be sure if this is the correct year, I will continue to look into it.

placing this here for holding: https://ask.un.org/loader.php?fid=505&type=1&key=4175f529b7f28075f40532ae25a07066 The United Nations/Blue Books Series, Volume VI, revised edition/The United Nations and The Advancement of Women1945-1996/With an introduction by/Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General of the United Nations/Department of Public Information United Nations, New York.

Evaluate: Gender and Development

Evaluating the Wikipedia article, “Gender and Development” will allow for a clearer understanding of the topic and a stronger foundation for which to continue to increase the amount of topics that relate to women, and the participation of women in Wikipedia. Unsurprisingly, the article contains a mixture of great information as well as parts that could be improved.

Across the top of the page the reader is notified, “This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia.” There are examples in the article that support this notice. In paragraph one the phrases, “flourishing movements of various forms” and “marked monumental moments” could be edited for a more neutral tone. Under “Early Approaches” liberal feminists are “postulating...breaking down customary expectations of women...” might be better worded as “rethinking historical expectations...” Breaking down seems radical, and those feminists did want to revolutionize systems of oppression, but those are not considered liberal feminists.  Similarly, in the following paragraph, “1970s feminist movements” are generalized. The following paragraphs and remainder of the article are written in styles and tone that are much more encyclopedic, per Wikipedia: Writing Better Articles.  

The first paragraph of the page states, “flourishing movements of various forms of feminism” occurred pre-WWII. Here, and elsewhere in the article it is unclear how feminisms are the foundation of “gender and development.” This may need developing to create a better understanding because even with the link to Wikipedia’s “Feminism” the connection between feminism and gender and development is unclear. Feminism is used multiple times but the usage lacks cohesive meaning in the article.  To offer the feminism of pre-WWII as the foundation for GAD economic policy may be confusing to the novice reader. Even when “feminism” is linked to an additional Wikipedia article, the article, “feminism” lacks the clarity/context needed to make a better understanding of “gender and development.” Here, centering “feminism” seems disconnected without further explanation about how it relates to the article. The topic, “gender and development” has the importance to stand alone. Perhaps this introduction could begin simply with, “GAD is the theoretical approach...”

The introduction states, “...The nexus between (economic) development and women was not clearly articulated until the second half of the 20thcentury.” This statement seems to offer just an unbalanced,  Western perspective: development and women/not clearly articulated. It would be beneficial to clarify, “Which development, which women,” and who has/had not clearly articulated the “nexus” between women and the development of economies? It seems that many societies have relied on women as active partners in various kinds of economies. It may be important to specify the ways that economic development is used, here and could it not be discussed background for why this is significant? The article seems a bit difficult to navigate, especially if the reader lacks a feminist or economic background.

Just after reference 1, there is a quotation that seems to go nowhere. (“In 1962...) In addition, this statement references the 1962 UN General Assembly—The report that was requested on the status of women, yet, the report is not cited. Here is a link to the “Short History of the Commission on the Status of Women.” Interestingly, 1946 was the first year of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW). In addition, here is the 1962 Commission on the Status of Women report link. The other reports are also accessible through this link and perhaps the article means to reference the following year’s 1963 report—But, this is not clear.

This statement, “These events marked monumental moments in developing the liberal paradigm of women in development, and the welfarist approach still remains dominant in development practice today...” would be best in another part of the article, or alone. Is the welfarist approach the dominant practice in development? If so, it would be good to detail what that entails, exactly and to situate welfarism in terms of gender and development.

This evaluation looks at the entire article but does primarily focuses on the first paragraph. The introduction the most read and people are most likely land here first to decide whether or not that they want to continue with the rest of the article. In addition, the reader needs to be able to read the introduction to quickly understand the meaning of, “gender and development.” With continued effort, this Wikipedia article will increase the understanding of this feminist economic approach.

The following are recent, additional sources related to the article:

Babović, Marija. "GENDER AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES: TRENDS IN FEMINIST ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY AT THE CENTRE AND SEMI-PERIPHERY OF THE GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION SYSTEM." Sociologija 60, no. 1 (2018): 1-34. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.2298/SOC1801011B.http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/2039215242?accountid=13758.

Beck, Erin. "What a Feminist Curiosity Contributes to the Study of Development." Studies in Comparative International Development52, no. 2 (06, 2017): 139-154. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.1007/s12116-017-9243-0. http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/1900079579?accountid=13758.

Carrasco-Miró, Gisela. "A Critical Look at the Gender Responsive Budgeting Approach in the Development Discourse." Tijdschrift Voor Genderstudies 19, no. 1 (03, 2016): 57-75. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.5117/TVGN2016.1.CARR. http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/1799783546?accountid=13758.

Jaquette, Jane S. "Women/Gender and Development: The Growing Gap between Theory and Practice." Studies in Comparative International Development 52, no. 2 (06, 2017): 242-260. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/10.1007/s12116-017-9248-8. http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/docview/1900080368?accountid=13758.