| Haplogroup R1b1b2a1a1 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 4,200 years BP |
| Possible place of origin | Low Countries |
| Ancestor | R1b1b2a1a |
| Defining mutations | U106/S21/M405 |
| Highest frequencies | Frisians, Dutch, Germans, English |
In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b1b2a1a1 (U106), is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup R1b defined by the presence of the marker U106, also known as S21 and M405.[1][2] It appears to represent over 25% of R1b in Europe.[1]
Nomenclature
editThe subclade was first discovered by EthnoAncestry in 2006 and given the nomenclature of R1b1c9.[3] In May 2008 it was given the name R1b1b2g in the 2008 Karafet nomenclature.[4] In October 2008 it was renamed to R1b1b2a1 according to the 2008 FamilyTreeDNA YDNA haplogroup nomenclature.
Subclades
editThis phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree [4][5] and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.[1]
- R1b1b2a1a1 (M405/S21/U106)
- R1b1b2a1a1*
- R1b1b2a1a1a (M467/S29/U198)
- R1b1b2a1a1b (P107) position relative to L48 uncertain
- R1b1b2a1a1c (DYS439(null)/L1/S26)
- R1b1b2a1a1d (L48/S162)
- R1b1b2a1a1d*
- R1b1b2a1a1d1 (L47)
- R1b1b2a1a1d1*
- R1b1b2a1a1d1a (L44)
- R1b1b2a1a1d1a*
- R1b1b2a1a1d1a1 (L45, L46, L164)
- R1b1b2a1a1d2 (L148)
- R1b1b2a1a1e (L257/S186)
Frequency
editWhile this sub-clade of R1b is frequently discussed amongst genetic genealogists, the following table represents the peer-reviewed findings published so far in the 2007 articles of Myres et al. and Sims et al.[6][2]
| Population | Sample size | R-M269 | R-U106 (without U198) | R-U198 |
| Austria | 22 | 27.30% | 22.70% | 0.00% |
| Central/South America | 33 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Czech Republic | 36 | 27.80% | 13.90% | 0.00% |
| Denmark | 113 | 34.50% | 16.80% | 0.09% |
| Eastern Europe | 44 | 4.50% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| England | 138 | 57.20% | 20.30% | 0.14% |
| France | 56 | 51.80% | 7.10% | 0.00% |
| Germany | 332 | 43.10% | 18.70% | 0.18% |
| Ireland | 102 | 80.40% | 5.90% | 0.00% |
| Italy | 284 | 37.30% | 3.50% | 0.00% |
| Jordan | 76 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Middle-East | 43 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Netherlands | 94 | 54.30% | 35.10% | 0.21% |
| Oceania | 43 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Oman | 29 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Pakistan | 177 | 3.40% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Palestine | 47 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Poland | 110 | 22.70% | 8.20% | 0.00% |
| Russia | 56 | 21.40% | 5.40% | 0.18% |
| Slovenia | 105 | 17.10% | 3.80% | 0.00% |
| Switzerland | 90 | 57.80% | 13.30% | 0.00% |
| Turkey | 523 | 14.50% | 0.40% | 0.00% |
| Ukraine | 32 | 25.00% | 9.40% | 0.00% |
| United States | 58 | 5.20% | 5.20% | 0.00% |
| US (European) | 125 | 46.40% | 14.40% | 0.80% |
| US (Afroamerican) | 118 | 14.30% | 1.70% | 0.80% |
References
edit- ^ a b c International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) - Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades
- ^ a b Sims, LM; Garvey, D; Ballantyne, J (2007). "Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs" (PDF). Human mutation. 28 (1): 97. doi:10.1002/humu.9469. PMID 17154278.
- ^ ISOGG 2006 Y-DNA Haplogroup R
- ^ a b Karafet et al. (2008)
- ^ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
- ^ Myres, NM; Ekins, JE; Lin, AA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Woodward, SR; Underhill, PA (2007). "Y-chromosome short tandem repeat DYS458.2 non-consensus alleles occur independently in both binary haplogroups J1-M267 and R1b3-M405". Croatian medical journal. 48 (4): 450–9. PMC 2080563. PMID 17696299.