User:Triptothecottage/sandbox

Style and physiology

The primary muscles used in Irish stepdance are quadriceps, calves and hip flexors, assisted by hamstrings, abductors and core stabilisers. These muscles function to produce the stiff upper body posture in combination with sharp and generally single-leg lower body movements.

The pelvic girdle muscle is key to the maintenance of the en dehors position of the dancer's feet. Because this area is associated with personal and cultural sexuality, this posture has been linked to a projection of confidence in the style of Irish stepdance.

The duration of a single competitive stepdance (45 seconds–2 minutes)means that its balance between use of aerobic and anaerobic energy systems is approximately similar to that of a 400 metre foot race.

Biomechanical engineering analysis has found that certain movements within Irish stepdance produce high contact forces within joints, especially at the ankle, which supports up to 14 times a dancer's body weight during instances of rapid muscle contraction.

Injury

Epidemiological studies have established rates of injury over a 12-month period in the Irish step dancing population from 56–77%. Such rates are comparable with other genres of competitive dance. The majority of these injuries are to the foot and ankle, as well as to the knee and shin.

Bibliography

• Early, Lauren; McEvoy, Robert (2015). Reaching New Heights. ISBN 9780993311017.

removed from Proposed Melbourne rail extensions

Infrastructure constructed for future projects, not used ==

Western and Southwestern suburbs

Werribee and Williamstown lines

• Provision for 3rd track—east side mainlines under Somerville Rd bridge, north end Yarraville station, account old goods yard.
• Provision for 3rd track—west side mainlines over Francis St bridge, south end Yarraville station, additional width abutments.
• Remnant of old 3rd track—east side mainlines south of Spotswood station, approx. 400m.
• Provision was made for two side platforms just northeast of what later became Williams Landing station; this provision was removed during the Williams Landing station project.
• Derrimut Rd rail overbridge, between Hoppers Crossing and Werribee, is designed for future addition of an island platform.

Sunbury and Melton lines

• Bridge abutments constructed on south side of Tottenham station (Ashley St), provision for third track—demolished approx. 2012 to make way for two additional tracks as part of the Regional Rail Link project.
• Anderson Road rail-under-road bridge section Sunshine to Ardeer—space for two additional tracks south side of alignment, with space under bridge cleared and ready, but dirt either side needs to be removed.
• Sunbury project overhead wire gantries around Calder Park are wider, to make way for future station.
• Rebuilt Ginifer and St Albans stations after level crossing removals have provisions for an extension of the platforms to accommodate future, longer high capacity trains.

Craigieburn and Upfield lines

• Bridge over Western Ring Road in 1993, constructed with room for two tracks but presently only one side used.
• Alignment provided for platform three at Craigieburn during electrification project 2006.

North-eastern suburbs

Doncaster line

• Cutting built down centre of Eastern Freeway in 1975, starting from Victoria Park station. Filled in shortly after. No concrete, just dirt.
• Some bridges Jolimont to Clifton Hill are built with abutments for a third track; Victoria Park's third track is used as a siding.

Hurstbridge line

Some provision is made for duplication in sections Heidelberg–Rosanna and Greensborough–Eltham, with some bridges and other earthworks completed. Duplication of Heidelberg-Rosanna began in 2017 as part of the Level Crossing Removal Authority program.

Eastern suburbs

Ringwood, Lilydale and Belgrave lines

• Bridge abutments constructed, south side Burnley to Camberwell both exclusive, provision for fourth track—provided approx. 1920
• Box Hill platform 1—was used for short while during construction in 1983, since left unused but available for future fourth track.
• Middleborough Road bridge and through Laburnum station—outside tracks laid, alignment designed with room for third track down the middle
• Nunawading may have provision for a third track on the south side of the new alignment, though it is not clear.
• Bridge over Eastlink, between Heatherdale and Ringwood, is designed for additional tracks both north and south sides, though some changes to overhead gantry supports would need to be made for the south alignment.

Alamein and Glen Waverley lines

• Overhead wires Ashburton (now Alamein) to East Malvern may be designed with intent to match the c1940 Ashworth plan to run double track between those two points.

South-eastern suburbs

Frankston and Stony Point line

• Triplication project Caulfield to Mordialloc was started/stopped a few times; result third track to Moorabbin in service, third track alignment west side under Dane Rd bridge and space provided for third track through Wickham Rd roundabout (up line is centred, down line offset east, therefore room for new line west side), and a handful of overhead gantries—perhaps a third—are spaced to allow for the future third track.
• Down side Frankston, provision for second track on inside of curve between Frankston and Leawarra under three road bridges.

Pakenham and Cranbourne line

• North Road bridge over line just southeast of Huntingdale station, has provision for additional third track.
• Westall when rebuilt in 2009, included provision to turn current Platform 1 into an island, adding effectively a "Platform Zero".
• Rail bridge over Callaghan Street subway has room for third track on north side
• Merinda Park station built 1995 as part of Cranbourne electrification project; south side provision for second platform, allowing crossing loop or full duplication.

Non-electrified Victorian routes

• Shelbourne to Laanecoorie extension—some trestle bridges completed
• Nowingi to Millewa South branch
• Robinvale to Lette branch
• Level crossings Dunolly to Mildura—when rebuilt, included third rail to make for easy conversion to standard gauge at a later date, i.e. as part of the Murray Basin Rail Project.
• Regional Rail Link at Tarniet (two island platforms, only middle tracks used at this stage); Wyndham Vale (two side platforms in use, room for additional platforms east side); Wyndham Vale south track is set out for two island platforms. Blackforest Rd and Greens Rd bridges are also designed for four tracks.
• Standard gauge line slews west between Lara and Little River stations, at Peak School Rd level crossing. Likely provision for two side platforms.

Typical alarm levels

The response associated with a specific alarm level varies widely between fire services, according to local operating procedures, availability of resources, and the nature of hazards in the jurisdiction. Moreover, fire services may have different responses to alarm levels depending on the nature of the task – for example, responding specialist units immediately to hazardous material or rescue incidents; or responding appropriate firefighting appliances to fires away from reticulated water sources.

In general, however, each additional alarm level responds additional primary firefighting units (engines or pumps) and command staff. Higher alarms introduce specialist resources, such as aerial firefighting and rescue apparatus, as well as support for breathing apparatus, communications and firefighter welfare.

The following table provides a sample of alarm responses to a structure fire incident for three large urban fire services: New York City Fire Department in the United States, Toronto Fire Services in Canada, and Fire Rescue Victoria in Australia. A first alarm response is dispatched immediately on receipt of a fire call; a second alarm is a typical response to a house fire. An intermediate response – commonly known in North America as a "working fire" when flames are visible – is provided; for FRV this is an automatic response when an initial appliance advises breathing apparatus is in use. A fifth alarm response is typical for a major industrial or commercial structure fire.

Units assigned	1st Alarm fire / Box Alarm	1st Alarm fire/ "All Hands" Box Alarm	2nd Alarm fire	3rd Alarm fire	4th Alarm fire	5th Alarm fire
Engine Companies	3 Engine Companies	4 Engine Companies	8 Engine Companies	12 Engine Companies	16 Engine Companies	21 Engine Companies
Ladder Companies	2 Ladder Companies	3 Ladder Companies (operating as Firefighter assist and search team (FAST)units)	5 Ladder Companies	7 Ladder Companies	9 Ladder Companies	11 Ladder Companies
Battalion Chief	1 Battalion Chief	2 Battalion Chiefs (one as a Firefighter Assist and Search Team (FAST) unit)	5 Battalion Chiefs	6 Battalion Chiefs	6 Battalion Chiefs	6 Battalion Chiefs
Squad Companies		1 Squad Company	1 Squad Company	1 Squad Company	1 Squad Company	1 Squad Company
Rescue Companies		1 Rescue Company	1 Rescue Company	1 Rescue Company	1 Rescue Company	1 Rescue Company
Division Chief		1 Division Chief	1 Division Chief	1 Division Chief	1 Division Chief	1 Division Chief
Deputy Chief			1 Deputy Chief	1 Deputy Chief	1 Deputy Chief	1 Deputy Chief
RAC Unit			1 RAC Unit	1 RAC Unit	1 RAC Unit	1 RAC Unit
Satellite			1 Satellite	1 Satellite	1 Satellite	1 Satellite
Safety Battalion Chief			1 Safety Battalion Chief	1 Safety Battalion Chief	1 Safety Battalion Chief	1 Safety Battalion Chief
SOC Battalion Chief			1 SOC Battalion Chief	1 SOC Battalion Chief	1 SOC Battalion Chief	1 SOC Battalion Chief
Tactical Support Unit			1 Tactical Support Unit	1 Tactical Support Unit	1 Tactical Support Unit	1 Tactical Support Unit
Field Communications Unit			1 Field Communications Unit	1 Field Communications Unit	1 Field Communications Unit	1 Field Communications Unit
Field Communications Battalion Chief			1 Field Communications Battalion Chief	1 Field Communications Battalion Chief	1 Field Communications Battalion Chief	1 Field Communications Battalion Chief
Communications Unit			1 Communications Unit	1 Communications Unit	1 Communications Unit	1 Communications Unit
Mask Service Unit				1 Mask Service Unit	1 Mask Service Unit	1 Mask Service Unit
Air Recon Chief (on Brooklyn Box)				1 Air Recon Chief	1 Air Recon Chief	1 Air Recon Chief
Mobile Command Unit					1 Mobile Command Unit	1 Mobile Command Unit
Planning Section Chief					1 Planning Section Chief	1 Planning Section Chief