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Domestic Service in Quebec

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Domestic service in Quebec was apart of Canada's immigrant labor force, i.e, Farmers, agricultural workers, domestic "servants"[1], and car-porters[2]. Established in the early 19th century, on the basis of catering to private affairs within the domestic sphere[3]. Domestic Service women lived in the homes of their employers and were supervised by housewives/ mistresses[4].

What is Domestic Service?

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Domestic Service refers to an occupation from most popular from the16th century to 20th century, that entailed laborious duties within households[5]. General tasks such as cooking, cleaning, caregiving, housekeeping and running errands, etc.

Where were Domestic Service Workers From?

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75 percent of Domestic service workers were immigrants[6][7] from the British Isles [8] and Guadaloupe[9] who pursued the service industry in Canadian provinces (most notably Quebec city[10]) based on expectations of establishing belonging[11], livelihood and citizenship[12][13].

Who were Domestic Workers

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Black immigrant women and Indigenous women[14][15], age 17-35[16] accounted for 63% of domestic service positions. Social ideologies and methodologies, perpetuated social marginalization[17] and intersectionality by linking femininity and domesticity, and non-white races with labor.[18] This inter-categorical complexity[19] limited employment for Black and Indigenous women to service work consistent with exploitation, low wages, absent privileges and familial separation[20].

Domestic Service as a Branch of Enslavement

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Following the abolition of enslavement in BNA in 1833, Domestic enslaved persons, had their titles merely transitioned to contracted "apprentices"[21], to enable the continuation of servitude. Quebec and several other provinces limited admissibility of non-white immigrants, through legislative interposition.

Important Figures & Organizations

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Union United Church, Montreal Quebec, founded August 29th 1907

Marie-Joseph Angélique [22] [23]

Oscar Peterson [24]

The Coloured Women's Club of Montreal (CWC)[25]

The Union United Church[26] (Quebec,1907)

Negro Community Centre (Quebec, 1928) [27]

The Canadian Negro Women's Association [28]

Pertinent Legislation

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Raudot Ordinance of 1709 [29]

Immigration Act of 1910[30]

The West Indian Domestic Scheme (1955-1967)[31]


  1. ^ Immigrant women and feminist activism – rise up! Feminist Digital Archive. Rise Up Feminist Digital Archive. (n.d.). Retrieved 2023, from https://riseupfeministarchive.ca/activism/issues-actions/immigrant-women-feminist-activism/
  2. ^ Canada, L. and A. (2017, October 11). Immigrants to Canada, porters and domestics, 1899-1949. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/porters-domestics-1899-1949/Pages/introduction.aspx
  3. ^ Sedef Arat-Koc (1989) In the Privacy of our own Home: Foreign Domestic Workers as Solution to the Crisis in the Domestic Sphere in Canada, Studies in Political Economy, 28:1, 33-58, DOI: 10.1080/19187033.1989.11675524
  4. ^ Pedler, David John (1982). A Study of Domestic Service in Canada. University of British Columbia. pp. 2–11.
  5. ^ Lacelle, Claudette (1987). Urban Domestic Servants in 19th Century Canada (in ISO 639-1). Research Publications Environment Canada, The Minister of the Environment, Ottawa. p.6
  6. ^ Thornhill, Esmeralda M. A. “So Seldom for Us, So Often Against Us: Blacks and Law in Canada.” Journal of Black Studies 38, no. 3 (2008): 321–37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034382.
  7. ^ Canada, L. and A. (2023, March 24). Immigration; admission of coloured domestics from British West Indies. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved from http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=cabcon&id=15763&lang=eng
  8. ^ Lacelle, Claudette (1987). Urban Domestic Servants in 19th Century Canada. Research Publications Environment Canada, The Minister of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 11.
  9. ^ Coloured domestics from Guadeloupe, 1910-1928 (RG76 B1A, vol. 475, file 731832, microfilm C-10410) (MIKAN 1434358)http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=1434358&lang=eng
  10. ^ Lacelle, Claudette (1987). Urban Domestic Servants in 19th Century Canada (in ISO 639-1). Research Publications Environment Canada, The Minister of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 11
  11. ^ Yuval-Davis. Nira. Power, Intersectionality and the Politics of Belonging, University of East London, January 2011, DOI:10.5278/freia.58024502. p.5
  12. ^ Suranyi, Anna (2021). Indentured servitude: unfree labor and citizenship in the British colonies. McGill-Queen’s University Press. p. 128.
  13. ^ Stasiulis, D. K., & Bakan, A. B. (1997). Not one of the family: foreign domestic workers in Canada. University of Toronto Press.p.29
  14. ^ Canada, L. and A. (2023, March 24). HEADQUARTERS - CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THE EMPLOYMENT OF INDIAN GIRLS AS DOMESTIC SERVANTS. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved from http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=FonAndCol&id=2076724&lang=eng
  15. ^ Canada, L. and A. (2023, March 24). Immigration of domestic servants from West Indies and British Guiana. RG2, Privy Council Office, Series A-5-a, Volume 6177 Access Code: 90. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved from http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=cabcon&id=23241&lang=eng
  16. ^ Canada, L. and A. (2017, October 11). Immigrants to Canada, porters and domestics, 1899-1949. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/porters-domestics-1899-1949/Pages/introduction.aspx
  17. ^ Small, Shirley, and Esmeralda M. A. Thornhill. “Harambec!: Quebec Black Women Pulling Together.” Journal of Black Studies 38, no. 3 (2008): 427–42. pp.430 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034390.
  18. ^ Bakan, Abigail B, Daiva Stasiulis, and Janet W Salaff. 1999. “Not One of the Family: Foreign Domestic Workers in Canada.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal : APMJ 8 (3): 414–15.
  19. ^ McCall, Leslie. “The Complexity of Intersectionality.” Signs, vol. 30, no. 3, 2005, pp. 1771–800. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1086/426800. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023.p.1773
  20. ^ Sager, Eric.W (2007). "The Transformation of the Canadian Domestic Servant, 1871–1931". 31 (4 ed.). New York, US: Cambridge University Press: 510. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ McGill law journal. (n.d.). 'too well used by his master: Judicial - McGill law journal 1830-1845. Retrieved from https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/pdf/4176569-Pilarczyk.pdf
  22. ^ "Moments in Canadian History of Black Labour". Public Service Alliance of Canada. Feburary 16 2021. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Aronovitch, Davida (Feburary 18 2014). "Marie-Joseph Angélique". The Canadian Encyclopedia. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ Oscar Peterson. The Canadian Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oscar-peterson
  25. ^ The Coloured Women's Club. THE COLOURED WOMEN'S CLUB. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://colouredwomensclub.tripod.com/
  26. ^ Union United Church | Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (n.d.). Our history. Union United Church | Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved from https://www.unionunitedchurchmtl.ca/history.htm
  27. ^ Bibliography on English-speaking Quebec. The Montreal Negro Community | Bibliography on English-speaking Quebec. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://quescren.concordia.ca/en/resource/TFDQM2BD
  28. ^ University of Toronto Library. (n.d.). Canadian Negro Women's Association and the calypso carnival. CANADIAN NEGRO WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION AND THE CALYPSO CARNIVAL. Retrieved from https://fisherdigitus.library.utoronto.ca/exhibits/show/blackhistory/twentiethandtwentyfirst/social-groups-and-community-ev#:~:text=The%20CNWA%20was%20a%20key,issues%20of%20Black%20Canadian%20women.
  29. ^ "Statute: Copy of an ordinance by intendant Jacques Raudot regarding slavery, issued on April 13, 1709". McCord Stewart Museum. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help); Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  30. ^ "SC 9-10 Edward VII, Chapter 27". An Act Respecting Immigration, 1910. Ottawa: Statutes of Canada; Library and Archives Canada.
  31. ^ West Indian Domestic Scheme (1955–1967). Parks, Canada,(2020, July 31).Canada.ca. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2020/07/west-indian-domestic-scheme-19551967.html
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