User:SamanthaSj/sandbox

Please Note! I can see from what you've entered that no one in this group has learned proper editing for Wikipedia. Please review the basic editing commands, and retake the tutorial if necessary. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Also: I'm confused. Which topic is your group going with? It seems like you're addressing both choices. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

ASSIGNMENT 4 ...SAMI

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_emotions

--One issue: I think there were a few grammatical errors on the article that need to be fixed. I also would like to go in depth on the beginning of emotion and maybe a little into not just who started it, but what they did. --Two References:

Tissari, H. (2016). Current Emotion Research in English Linguistics: Words for Emotions in the History of English. Emotion Review, 9(1), 86-94. doi:10.1177/1754073916632064

Stearns, P. N. (2015). Shame, and a Challenge for Emotions History. Emotion Review, 8(3), 197-206. doi:10.1177/1754073915588981

--Two Questions: How much information would you like for us to add into this page?

• Add as much information as needed to make a significant improvement in the article. Don't pad to make it longer, and avoid wordiness and flowery language. There is no set amount of words to add - however, you've chosen a very broad topic, and can probably add a lot.

Also, do you want us to focus on adding onto what is already there or go more into a new area of our own? I am just wondering if it is okay to kind of take our own route just because the history of emotion can be so broad and focus on so many things. SamanthaSj (talk) 02:21, 3 October 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 18:21, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

• It is certainly okay to add new material. Just do it in a way that stays focussed on the topic. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

ASSIGNMENT 4 - Abandonment(Ellen Wall) Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 13:16, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

• I thought your choice was history of emotions. If you are going with abandonment, then disregard the last part of my response to Sami's first question above.

ONE PROBLEM: The article talks about abandonment, but has no real argument on what the issue is. I think we could focus on children that are abandoned at a young age and the impact it has on their development as they grow older. The article says there are recovery workshops in place for victims of abandonment but gives no statistics or names to studies that have been successful. The first sub-line in the article has question, confirming my earlier statement that there is no real argument because the author(s) are not confident in the information they have added. Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 13:16, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

• Be sure that the article starts out with a clear definition of the topic. That will help you focus. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

TWO REFERENCES: 1. Giordano, S. (n.d.). Crimes and Misdemeanours: The Case of Child Abandonment. Journal of Medical Ethics, 33(1), 28–34. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.014126 2.Willis, M., & Nelson-Gray, R. (n.d.). Borderline personality disorder traits and sexual compliance: A fear of abandonment manipulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 216–220. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.012 Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 13:16, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

QUESTIONS/COMMENTS: 1. Would you like us to narrow down our search and find studies and information on what abandonment does to a child during their early developmental year?

• I guess that depends on how the topic is defined. Does it include emotional abandonment during later childhood and adolescence, as well as adulthood? I think the general focus has been on early childhood.

2. Should we focus on structure or our own research that we can add to the article.

• I don't know what you are asking here? PLEASE CLARIFY.

Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 13:16, 3 October 2018 (UTC) J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC) Continued.. History of Emotion. Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 15:00, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

PROBLEM: The article is very bland and does not expand of the emotions themselves. For example: what are the types of emotion that they are studying the history of? Physical, emotional or social emotion. There is no explanation of the effect of emotion and how they studied it. Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 15:00, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

TWO REFERENCES: 1.Johnson, K., & Shiffrar, M. (2013). People watching : Social Perceptual, and Neurophysiological Studies of Body Perception . New York: Oxford University Press. 2. Massey, D. (n.d.). A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life: 2001 Presidential Address. American Sociological Review, 67(1), 1–29. doi:10.2307/3088931 Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 15:00, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

QUESTIONS/COMMENTS: Would you like us to touch on all three types of emotion? Physical, social and emotional. How would you like us to narrow down our search? like find researchers or studies who have found these types of emotion dating back to medieval times? Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 15:00, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

• Your first question doesn't make much sense. E.g., what is emotional emotion? If you start with a standard definition of emotion, and that definition breaks emotions into types, then discuss those types of emotion. If the current article is breaking emotions into these types, who/what is the source of the definition?
• If the topic is very broad, then pick some related sub-topics your group can elaborate on, rather than taking on the whole article. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 4: One Issue: The History of Emotions article is a bit brief. They did not expand on different ideas or the emotions very well. They just gave a very short background. There are also some minor editing details that we could fix.

Two References: 1. Urban, E. J., Charles, S. T., Levine, L. J., & Almeida, D. M. (2018). Depression history and memory bias for specific daily emotions. PLoS ONE, 13(9), 1–15. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0203574OLSEN, S., & BODDICE, R. (2018). 2. Styling Emotions History. Journal of Social History, 51(3), 476–487. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1093/jsh/shx067

• Your first reference really doesn't have anything to do with history of emotions. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Two Questions: 1. Should we delete some of the information they have in the bibliography to make it more relevant to what we choose to focus on? It seems long in comparison to the rest of the existing article.

• Respect what is in the current article. It is bad etiquette to delete content without a good reason. If the article is unbalanced, is it a matter of too much material in one section, or not enough in others? Make that determination before you start working on it. Nothing wrong with editing down a section that is too wordy or rambling. However, don't do it if the section stands up by itself. Then you should be adding to other sections that are incomplete. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

2. How much of the existing article's information should we use? It seems like they have some good content there, but if it doesn't match what we put in, should we be deleting it and making the article completely our own? Marley.virnig (talk) 17:11, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

• What you add should be consistent with the current article. If you think it has the wrong focus, then raise that issue on the talk page or contact the authors of sections you think don't belong. J.R. Council (talk) 06:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Outline

Here is the new section for the outline. SamanthaSj (talk) 17:04, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Reminder: WE NEED TO MAKE SURE TO PUT CONTENT FROM OLD OUTLINE IN ITALICS :) :) :) SamanthaSj (talk) 17:09, 8 October 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 18:21, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

HISTORY OF EMOTIONS

I. Introduction

A. scientists

1. Charles Darwin
2. Paul Ekman (had the six basic emotions)
3. William James

B. theories

1. Six Basic Emotions Theory
2. James-Lange Theory of Emotion

II. Important findings/Research

A. Charles Darwin -Talk about Darwin's combining of many emotions into a few distinct expressions (???????that possibly influenced the paul ekmans research?????)

B. Carroll Izard- breakthroughs and setbacks with the evolution emotion

III. References

A. old references

B. new references

IV. External links

Here is a sample outline to get us started. we can assign who does what from here. To add just copy and paste what I have and then add your own information below so that he can see what we all did individually! SamanthaSj (talk) 17:22, 8 October 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 18:21, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Marley and Sami went through outline to make it more clear and in-depth. ~~~~ == To Do List == We need to make an outline with the major points we want to include in editing. -For example grammar, subject topics, reference. <nowiki>[[User:Ellen.Wall480|Ellen.Wall480]] ([[User talk:Ellen.Wall480|talk]]) 17:08, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Create three new sections 1. New References, 2. to do list, 3. Outline [[User:Ellen.Wall480|Ellen.Wall480]] ([[User talk:Ellen.Wall480|talk]]) 17:13, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Sami- 1. Add a couple references to the reference list 2. Find one new topic about emotion to add into the outline and go in depth. 3. Help include old information in the new outline 4. Create base outline 5. Find a couple important findings to include in outline 6. Add more specific information to outline .. for example.. scientists, theories, important findings.

[[User:SamanthaSj|SamanthaSj]] ([[User talk:SamanthaSj#top|talk]]) 17:14, 8 October 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 18:21, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Marley- 1. Decide the things we want to keep in our outline from the existing article. 2. Change the layout of the existing article to fit our outline. 3. Tie information from textbook into article. 4. Find appropriate and reliable resources to put under our new references. 5. Find where our references will fit best into the outline of the paper. 6. Find resources for each section (mine - theories and scientists) <small>— Preceding [[wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Marley.virnig|Marley.virnig]] ([[User talk:Marley.virnig#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marley.virnig|contribs]]) 17:25, 8 October 2018 (UTC)</small>[[User:Marley.virnig|Marley.virnig]] ([[User talk:Marley.virnig|talk]]) 17:17, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Here is an article by Barbara H. Rosenwein with some interesting stuff.

Problems and Methods in the History of Emotions Abstract What are some of the general methodological issues involved in writing a history of the emotions? Before answering this question, we need to address a major problem. If emotions are, as many scientists think, biological entities, universal within all human populations, do they—indeed can they—have much of a history at all? Once it is determined that they are less universal than claimed (without denying their somatic substratum), a host of problems and opportunities for the history of emotions emerge. In this paper, I propose that we study the emotions of the past by considering “emotional communities” (briefly: social groups whose members adhere to the same valuations of emotions and their expression). I argue that we should take into consideration the full panoply of sources that these groups produced, and I suggest how we might most effectively interpret those sources. Finally, I consider how and why emotional change takes place, urging that the history of emotions be integrated into other sorts of histories—social, political, and intellectual. 18:17, 7 November 2018 @Ellen.Wall480

New References

We can post our references below! [[User:Ellen.Wall480|Ellen.Wall480]] ([[User talk:Ellen.Wall480|talk]]) 17:06, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

The following are references we all found and can build off of to base our research for new and improved article. [[User:Ellen.Wall480|Ellen.Wall480]] ([[User talk:Ellen.Wall480|talk]]) 17:21, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

1.Johnson, K., & Shiffrar, M. (2013). People watching : Social Perceptual, and Neurophysiological Studies of Body Perception . New York: Oxford University Press. 2. Massey, D. (n.d.). A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life: 2001 Presidential Address. American Sociological Review, 67(1), 1–29. doi:10.2307/3088931 [[User:Ellen.Wall480|Ellen.Wall480]] ([[User talk:Ellen.Wall480|talk]]) 15:00, 3 October 2018 (UTC) 3. Tissari, H. (2016). Current Emotion Research in English Linguistics: Words for Emotions in the History of English. Emotion Review, 9(1), 86-94. doi:10.1177/1754073916632064 4. Stearns, P. N. (2015). Shame, and a Challenge for Emotions History. Emotion Review, 8(3), 197-206. doi:10.1177/1754073915588981 5. Urban, E. J., Charles, S. T., Levine, L. J., & Almeida, D. M. (2018). Depression history and memory bias for specific daily emotions. PLoS ONE, 13(9), 1–15. <nowiki>https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0203574OLSEN, S., & BODDICE, R. (2018). 6. Styling Emotions History. Journal of Social History, 51(3), 476–487. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1093/jsh/shx067 Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 17:21, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Marley's References 1. Urban, E. J., Charles, S. T., Levine, L. J., & Almeida, D. M. (2018). Depression history and memory bias for specific daily emotions. PLoS ONE, 13(9), 1–15. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0203574OLSEN, S., & BODDICE, R. (2018). 2. Styling Emotions History. Journal of Social History, 51(3), 476–487. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1093/jsh/shx067 Marley.virnig (talk) 18:23, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Sami new references

1. Graham, P. (2009). What is emotion? History, measures and meanings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(9), 1196-1197. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02045.x

2. Stearns, P. N. (2016). Children and emotions history. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14(6), 659-671. doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1222938

3. Cohen, A., & Stern, R. (2017). Thinking about the emotions: A philosophical history. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

SamanthaSj (talk) 21:05, 12 October 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 18:21, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

4. J.B. Watson and Little Albert. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://blogs.acu.edu/1410_PSYC49301/2013/11/15/j-b-watson-and-little-albert/ (Watson's study Little Albert in our main article) SamanthaSj (talk) 17:14, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

5. Zaborowski, R. (n.d.). From Thumos to Emotion and Feeling. Some Observations on the Passivity and Activity of Affectivity (1st ed., Vol. 12). The British Psychological Society. About the thumos in main article SamanthaSj (talk) 17:30, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 6 - Individual leads

Dr. Council's coments

• After looking at the existing article, I realize that you are going about this article in the wrong way. (I am speaking to Sami and Marley mostly, but also a bit to Ellen.) I can see now that this topic is more subtle or meta than just writing about the history of research on emotions. Writing about Darwin, James and Ekman is really not in tune with the true topic. This is not about the history of research on emotions -- it's about how the concept of emotions in general and conceptions of specific emotions have evolved over time and across cultures. You might be able to fit Darwin, James and Ekman into the article, but it will take some finesse. J.R. Council (talk) 22:06, 1 November 2018 (UTC)
• I'll need to think about this a bit more in order to give you some better direction. In the meanwhile, I think you need to actually read some of the articles and books that are discussed or cited in the existing article. This is pretty high-level stuff. I think you can add constructively to the existing article, but what you write needs to fit with the existing topic. Like I said before, this is not about psychological research or theories of emotions per se, but much more high level. J.R. Council (talk) 22:13, 1 November 2018 (UTC)
  • Please note that I am giving you credit for completing this assigment. However, you will have to change your approach in a major way to complete the Wikipedia project by adding meaningful content to this article. J.R. Council (talk) 22:19, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

In one of the articles the History of emotions wiki page has in its references, I found some interesting ways in which emotions can be interpreted and how they are integrated into culture and life. I think this would be interesting to include in our lead and revision of the article.

https://projects.history.qmul.ac.uk/emotions/ -- here is the page.

Marley.virnig (talk) 18:16, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Sami's Lead Section

The History of Emotion all began when Charles Darwin proposed that some specific emotions are distinct of others. He was a basic emotion theorist and one of the most well known scientists of his time. Darwin wrote “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” in 1872, and proposed that emotions have a purpose in the lives of humans.

Since Darwin began the research, there have been more psychologists to dig into the importance of emotion. Paul Ekman was another important psychologist who studied emotion, and he came up with his own Six Basic Emotions Theory. This theory essentially was accurate across cultures and showed that there are six specific emotions that are hardwired into us that we naturally have. William James also had a theory proposal with Carl Lange that had to do with the origin of emotions. All of these scientists had ideas that have contributed to the modern outlook on emotions and from their research and theories we are able to see how the history of emotion has evolved.

SamanthaSj (talk) 18:44, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

- I think the first sentence needs to be more of a definition, but the statement you had about Darwin should be included in the first paragraph as it is an important idea.

- If we include some information from all of our leads and put them together, I think we would have a strong lead section.Marley.virnig (talk) 16:30, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

SAMI'S COMMENTS ON MARLEY'S LEAD SECTION (it wont let me comment on yours because it says there is conflict even though nobody else is even on the page so I am posting my comments here...)

- I think we should go with the definition of emotion that you have since it is most in depth. In the first sentence in your first paragraph you included the word condensed two times in the same sentence. Since we are going to use yours, I think that needs to be fixed. I also think we should touch more on the important findings/theories that were in our outline. I like that you mention the Six Basic Emotions, and I think that we could talk a bit more about these things to let our reader know what they will be reading about. Facts about what these important findings are about will pull them in. Combining parts of all of ours will make a really strong lead section!

SamanthaSj (talk) 17:39, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

SAMI'S COMMENTS ON ELLEN'S LEAD SECTION

-I think the opening statement could be a bit stronger, but I think that we agreed on Marley's opening definition anyways. I like how you included extra information on Ekman and it is definitely going to make our lead section stronger if we include that! (Also super cool that you lived there for 13 years!) It would be good to include everyone from our outline in the lead section to show the readers who they will be learning about. Also including the important findings/theories is going to benefit us a lot. I think you have some very strong points in your lead section that we will need to include in our overall lead section. All of our ideas together will work well!

SamanthaSj (talk) 17:39, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

Marley's Lead Section

The History of Emotions is a field of historical psychology concerned with the history of emotions and how they are expressed across variations of cultures and historical periods. Important psychologists who studied this field include Charles Darwin, William James, and Paul Ekman. Their studies and research contributed to many of the modern beliefs and theories concerning emotions.

Charles Darwin condensed a large variation of expressions of emotions and condensed them into a smaller file which Paul Ekman used to push forward his theory of The Six Basic Emotions. William James was another early psychologist who helped shape modern theories of emotions. Him and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory concerning emotions which expanded on, but also contraticted some of Charles Darwin's original theories. Marley.virnig (talk) 17:40, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

SAMI'S COMMENTS ON MARLEY'S LEAD SECTION (it wont let me comment on yours because it says there is conflict even though nobody else is even on the page so I am posting my comments here...)

- I think we should go with the definition of emotion that you have since it is most in depth. In the first sentence in your first paragraph you included the word condensed two times in the same sentence. Since we are going to use yours, I think that needs to be fixed. I also think we should touch more on the important findings/theories that were in our outline. I like that you mention the Six Basic Emotions, and I think that we could talk a bit more about these things to let our reader know what they will be reading about. Facts about what these important findings are about will pull them in. Combining parts of all of ours will make a really strong lead section!

SamanthaSj (talk) 17:41, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

Ellen's Lead Section

The History of Emotions is not well understood though several great psychologists explored the topic, including Darwin and Homer. Emotions are expressed widely in many different ways around the world and visually expressed emotions are the easiest to observe. Before getting into the commonalities of emotions though it is important to understand where the term originated from. Back in ancient Greece the word thumos was used to express the idea of "spiritedness." Looking further into its meaning you can find that it is the desire of humans to be recognized and this term describes the physical and emotional want to have others notice their feelings.

This understanding of emotion helped Paul Ekman form his study on emotions. He understood that we humans pay close attention to facial emotions because we can relate to the universal understanding. He and Friesen came up with a table that laid out six universal expressions. Ekman traveled and asked individuals questions and had them "act" as if there were experiencing the emotion. He went to untouched countries such as Papua New Guinea where he found further evidence to support his research. It is because of individuals like these that we have the knowledge we do and don't have to start fresh as each new generation grows. ~~~Ellen Wall (Fun face: I lived in Papua New Guinea for 13 years and am well acquainted with the culture)

- I think it would be interesting to include Ekman's research for sure since he did touch on a country in which you lived. Also, I like how you provided some extra history to your first paragraph on the history behind the word and definition of emotion. - I also think that although the history of emotions is hard to define, we should still try to open our article with a stronger definition. Otherwise they might not be interested to read the rest of the article. Marley.virnig (talk) 16:28, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

-I think the opening statement could be a bit stronger, but I think that we agreed on Marley's opening definition anyways. I like how you included extra information on Ekman and it is definitely going to make our lead section stronger if we include that! (Also super cool that you lived there for 13 years!) It would be good to include everyone from our outline in the lead section to show the readers who they will be learning about. Also including the important findings/theories is going to benefit us a lot. I think you have some very strong points in your lead section that we will need to include in our overall lead section. All of our ideas together will work well! SamanthaSj (talk) 17:44, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

Feedback for:

Marleys:

> You start off with a good history of how emotions are expressed but I think we can still go in depth a bit more. Could you describe the emotions? Just an idea that might make I more informative.

> You packed a lot of potential information into this paragraph that will be easy for us to expand on which is great. We can research these psychologists and find out more in depth research they conducted on emotions. Great job! Ellen.Wall480

Samanthas:

> I agree with Marley’s point of the first section including a more thourough definition. Most of the time when I search things on Wikipedia the first portion includes a definition. This way we open up with our understanding of the concept.

> You included a lot of big names in the following paragraph and this really gives us a lot of major and important points that we can expand on. (Darwin, Ekman, Lange, James). We can find more in depth information that I think will really improve our edit of “History of Emotions” Ellen.Wall480

Combined Lead Section

The History of Emotions is a field of psychology concerned with emotions through history and how they are expressed across variations of cultures throughout time.  Emotions are expressed widely in many different ways around the world and visually expressed emotions are the easiest to observe. It is important to understand where the term originated from before we get into the commonalities of emotions. Back in ancient Greece, the word thumos, was used to express the idea of "spiritedness." Looking further into its meaning you can find that it is the desire of humans to be recognized. This term describes the physical and emotional need to have others notice their feelings.

Changes in emotion are what creates a history for the concept of universal expressions and how we as humans interpret these reactions to one another. Taking a look into history, we must consider the types that are encompassed within it such as social, political and intellectual in order to further our understanding of how the reality of emotion has come about. Emotions are interpreted differently in every culture. In Asian cultures emotions are not shown, for example pain is seen as an honor, like all the kamakazi pilots who gave their lives for their beliefs and gave no way to their emotions.

There are different ways to look at how emotions are expressed, defined, and how they differ across cultures, religions and settings. There are theoretical categories, ideas of expressions, madness, well-being, and the laws and framework or themes of emotions. All of these work to explain the complexity of emotions.

Several psychologists have contributed to the history of emotions through the years. Ideas and theories from Darwin, Homer, Ekman and many others have created a better understanding to the idea of emotions. Their theories work with the themes of emotions and help to explain and broaden the history of emotions.

Marley.virnig (talk) 18:36, 7 November 2018 (UTC) Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 18:36, 7 November 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 18:37, 7 November 2018 (UTC)==

Revised Lead Section

The History of Emotions is a field of psychology concerned with emotions through history and how they are expressed across variations of cultures throughout time. Emotions are expressed in many different ways around the world, and visually expressed emotions are the easiest to observe. There are different ways to look at how emotions are expressed, defined, and how they differ across cultures, religions, and settings. There are theoretical categories, ideas of expressions, madness, well-being, and the laws and framework or themes of emotions. All of these work to explain the complexity of emotions. It is important to understand where the term originated before we get into the commonalities of emotions. Back in ancient Greece, the word thumos, was used to express the idea of "spiritedness." Looking further into its meaning you can find that it is the desire of humans to be recognized. This term describes the physical and emotional need to have others notice their feelings.

Changes in emotion are what creates a history for the concept of universal expressions and how we as humans interpret these reactions to one another. Taking a look into history, we must consider the levels that are encompassed within it such as social, political, and intellectual. Knowing more about this will further our understanding of how the reality of emotion has come about. Several psychologists have contributed to the history of emotions through the years. Ideas and theories from Watson, Homer, Ekman and many other philosophers and psychologists have created a better understanding into the idea of emotions. Their theories work with the themes of emotions and help to explain and broaden the history of emotions. Emotions are interpreted in different ways across every culture. In Asian cultures emotions are not shown. For example pain is seen as an honor, such as all the kamakazi pilots who gave their lives for their beliefs and gave no way to their emotions.

Marley.virnig (talk) 17:34, 20 November 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 17:35, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments

This is great! I really like how you've switched gears to change your emphasis in the article. I think you are on target now.

• Right now, my only suggestion is to edit what you've written so it "flows" better. Take the 4 chunks above and work them into one or two coherent paragraphs. Also,
  • Add links to related topics mentioned in the lead, like emotion.
• If you haven't started already, please proceed to writing the main body of the article. Just flesh out the lead, and add additional information at the appropriate spots.
  • Be sure to break your article into its main parts, and add section and subsection titles to organize and make it easy for the reader to follow.

J.R. Council (talk) 21:34, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments on Assignment 8, below

Like I said before, I think you've been able to get on the right tack with this article. I will comment below where appropriate in the text.

MAIN ARTICLE INFORMATION

Introduction

The History of Emotions is a field of history concerned with emotions and how they are expressed across variations of cultures and historical periods. It is important to understand where the term originated from before understanding the commonalities of emotions. Back in ancient Greece, the word thumos, was used to express the idea of "spiritedness." Looking further into its meaning you can find that it is the desire of humans to be recognized. The term thumos is originally interpreted by Plato, the Presocratics and Homer. They stress affectivity and the “raging and boiling of the soul.” From this, philosophers and psychologists correlate the emotion of anger to be most heavily associated with this original term of feelings and emotions. Anger is the active expression of thumos, whereas pathos is the passive expression (pg. 7).

• Don't call it this. Just say it's a field of history. - got it
• Delete - redundant.
• Don't use phrases like this. Too personal. Use "before getting" instead

J.R. Council (talk) 21:14, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

• After reading over the original article once more and reading your contributions, I do think you have a big challenge here fitting in psychology. I think maybe your best approach would be to just work on a section to include, rather than rewriting the entire article. This could get you in trouble, because the history of emotions seems fundamentally different from the psychology of emotions.
  • The new section should be titled, History of emotions in psychology. Then you could take a historical approach, starting with the earliest concepts of emotion in psychology, and show how these have developed over time to our current understanding.
    • I realize this is a big order, especially at this late date.
• These are just my suggestions. Do your best, but whether or not this gets published you will get credit.

J.R. Council (talk) 21:49, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Scientists

Several psychologists have contributed to the history of emotions through the years. Ideas and theories from Darwin, Homer, Ekman and many others have created a better understanding to the idea of emotions. Their theories work with the themes of emotions and help to explain and broaden the history of emotions.

• I've made this into a new section for you.

John Watson

Emotions are expressed in many different ways around the world. Visually expressed emotions are the easiest to observe. John Watson observed the emotions fear, rage and love in his infant study “Little Albert.” Although this study was bade unethical, it allowed Watson to draw conclusions from visual expression since one cannot ask a baby to verbally express their feelings. This study showed how the environment and interpretations of stimuli can affect our emotions. Albert would react to the stimuli according to how the experimenters portrayed them to him. His emotions were documented and show the rawest form of how our reactions are our emotions played out through activity (thumos).

Paul Ekman

The understanding of active expression (thumos) helped Paul Ekman form his study on emotions. He understood that we as humans pay close attention to facial expression of emotions because we can relate to the universal understanding. He and Friesen came up with a table that laid out six universal expressions that he coined to be the six basic emotions in his Six Basic Emotions Theory. This theory was continuous across cultures and showed that we have basic emotions that are naturally hard wired within us.

Ekman traveled and asked individuals questions and had them "act" as if there were experiencing the emotion. He went to untouched countries such as Papua New Guinea where he found further evidence to support his research. It is because of individuals like these that we have the knowledge we do and don't have to start fresh as each new generation grows.'

• This is a good start, but incomplete. There have been more psychologists concerned with emotion then this. Start each paragraph above with a sentence that includes the psychologist's name in bold, and link to the main article on that person. For example, According to John B. Watson....

J.R. Council (talk) 21:14, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Methodology/Scope

Changes in emotion are what creates a history for the concept of universal expressions and how we as humans interpret these reactions to one another. Taking a look into history, we must consider emotions on the intellectual level in order to further our understanding of how the reality of emotion has come about. Emotions are interpreted differently in every culture. In Asian cultures emotions are not shown and pain is seen as an honor. For example, all the kamakazi pilots who gave their lives for their beliefs and gave no way to their emotions.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE INFO “In the last decade, the history of emotions has developed into an increasing productive and intellectually stimulating area of historical research. Although there are precursors of the history of emotions - especially Febvre’s Histoire des Sensibilités[1] or Gay’s Psychohistory[2] - the field converges methodologically with newer historiographical approaches such as conceptual history, historical constructivism and the history of the body.[3] “

Marley.virnig (talk) 18:04, 20 November 2018 (UTC) SamanthaSj (talk) 18:04, 20 November 2018 (UTC) Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 18:07, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments on final work for Assignment 9, below

• Introduction

1. Is this your lead? If so, I don't think you've improved on the lead in the currently published article. If not, you could call this section 'Defining emotion', but you really have not done a complete job of definition.
2. You need to back up your statement with additional citations, and use proper reference format for Wikipedia.
   1. Wikipedia has its own way of doing references, but it has the advantage of generating the reference list automatically. It also makes adding in new citations to a paper you've already cited very easy. Lots of help is available in my Wikipedia resources page on Bb., as well as from Wikipedia and Wikiedu.org. Here is a useful link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners. Here is a general beginner's guide that has a lot of useful information about formatting and editing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet

• Both in the Introduction and below, your language is too informal and "familiar". I will put some examples in italics.

• Scientists: Watson

1. Again no proper reference citations.
2. Your statements are not accurate. Watson did not base his theory of emotions on the Little Albert study.
3. Proofread!
4. I can't connect your comments on vision to Watson. It seems like you've just made stuff up without actually doing the research.

• Ekman

1. Again, no reference citations.
2. You have failed to mention Ekman's facial feedback hypothesis.
3. What does thumos have to do with all this?

• Fredrickson

1. Again, need to proofread and use proper reference citations.
2. Your description of Fredrickon's work was pretty vague. It did not help me understand her ideas.
3. What's this about a novel? Novels are not research or theory.

I'm sorry, but I can't approve this for publishing this as a Wikipedia main article. It is not even far enough along to send to Ian for his comments. Overall, this is poorly written, organized, and researched. I'll give you credit for the work you've done, and more credit if you improve it further and make it more suitable for publishing. I'm not trying to be harsh here, just being straightforward. J.R. Council (talk) 05:25, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

Followup comments from Dr. Council

• This is still not ready to send to Ian. However, I think some of this could be plugged into the existing article if you follow my directions below. J.R. Council (talk) 04:18, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

• I still don't think your lead (actually the first three paragraphs below) improves on the existing introduction. However, some of this material could be revised as the introduction to a new section titled "Contributions of western psychology to concepts of emotion." This section could be added to the body of the existing article, and the title would take the place of your title, "Introduction". The title "Scientists" should be changed to "Psychologists" and this would be followed by the text you've written about specific psychologists.

J.R. Council (talk) 04:02, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

• I will comment further in the text. J.R. Council (talk) 04:10, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

History of Emotions in Psychology

The History of Emotions is a field of history concerned with emotions and how they are expressed across variations of cultures throughout time. Emotions are expressed in many different ways around the world, and visually expressed emotions are the easiest to observe. There are different ways to look at how emotions are expressed, defined, and how they differ across cultures, religions, and settings. There are theoretical categories, ideas of expressions, madness, well-being, and the laws and framework or themes of emotions. All of these work to explain the complexity of emotions. It is important to understand where the term originated before we get into the commonalities of emotions. Back in ancient Greece, the word thumos, was used to express the idea of "spiritedness", which is the desire of humans to be recognized. This term describes the physical and emotional need to have others notice their feelings.

Changes in emotion are what creates a history for the concept of universal expressions and how we as humans interpret these reactions to one another. Taking a look into history, we must consider the levels that are encompassed within it such as social, political, and intellectual. Knowing more about this will further our understanding of how the reality of emotion has come about. Several psychologists have contributed to the history of emotions through the years. Ideas and theories from Watson, Homer, Ekman and many other philosophers and psychologists have created a better understanding into the idea of emotions. Their theories work with the themes of emotions and help to explain and broaden the history of emotions. Emotions are interpreted in different ways across every culture. In Asian cultures emotions are not shown. For example pain is seen as an honor, such as all the kamakazi pilots who gave their lives for their beliefs and gave no way to their emotions.

• Delete most of this. Edit the section I've put in italics as the beginning of the next section. J.R. Council (talk) 04:14, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Contributions of Western Psychology to Concepts of Emotion

• change the title to: Contributions of western psychology to concepts of emotion

The History of Emotions is a field of history concerned with emotions and how they are expressed across variations of cultures and time periods. It is important to understand where the term originated from before understanding the commonalities of emotions. Back in ancient Greece, the word thumos, was used to express the idea of "spiritedness", which is the desire of humans to be recognized. The term thumos is originally interpreted by Plato, the Presocratics and Homer. They stress affectivity and the “raging and boiling of the soul.” From this, philosophers and psychologists correlate the emotion of anger to be most heavily associated with this original term of feelings and emotions. Anger is the active expression of thumos, whereas pathos is the passive expression (Zaborowski, 2010).

• delete the text that precedes this.
• add in italicized text from above J.R. Council (talk) 04:14, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Psychologists

• Change title to "Psychologists"

John B. Watson observed the emotions fear, rage, and love in his infant study Little Albert experiment. Although Watson did not use all information drawn from this study to push forward his ideas and theories of emotions, the Little Albert Study showed how emotions are expressed when presented different stimuli. Emotions are expressed in many different ways around the world and visually expressed emotions are the easiest to observe. Although this study with Little Albert was bade unethical, it allowed Watson to draw conclusions from visual expression since one cannot ask a baby to verbally express their feelings. This study showed how the environment and interpretations of stimuli can affect our emotions. Albert would react to the stimuli according to how the experimenters portrayed them to him. His emotions were documented and show the most natural form of how our reactions are our emotions played out through activity.

• Add reference citations

Paul Ekman formed his study on emotions based on the understanding of active expression (thumos). He understood that we as humans pay close attention to facial expression of emotions because of the universal familiarity with the concept. He and Friesen came up with a table that laid out six universal expressions that he coined to be the six basic emotions in his Six Basic Emotions Theory. This theory was continuous across cultures and showed that we have basic emotions that are naturally hard wired within us.

Ekman traveled and asked individuals questions and had them "act" as if there were experiencing the emotion. He went to untouched countries such as Papua New Guinea where he found further evidence to support his research. Ekman had a facial feedback hypothesis developed with Carroll Izard, which is involving linking facial expressions to basic emotions. He proposed that if one makes a facial expression, their emotion could change based off of that expression. For example, frowning could make one grumpy. This idea was highly disputed among other scientists. The way this hypothesis was tested was through participants holding a pen with either only your lips or only your teeth. Next, they were to look at a series of funny cartoon images once they were finished. The results showed when a participant rated the cartoon after the pen was in their teeth imaging a smile, the images seemed more funny than when the pen was between their lips.

• Add reference citations

Barbara Fredrickson is a more recent psychologist and has contributed to the study of emotions. She has built her research off the preconceived notions of emotion and focused on positive emotions. Her main points are on explanatory behavior and how over time these actions lead to meaningful, long-term relationships that are very important for social relationships. Her most famous research is in Positvity and how emotion is effected and affects our social circle in the human species (Fredrickson, 2009). She studies emotions that include love, joy, inspiration, and pride through social means with the roots being in emotion and the history of this topic in psychology.

Barbara began her research in 1998. She has found her focus of positive emotions has led study participants to open and broaden their minds to new possibilities. Through her research she developed the Broaden and Build Theory. By developing her research on positivity she has influenced the lives of many and opened up discussion on the topic (Max, 2014).

• Add reference citations in proper Wikipedia format.

J.R. Council (talk) 04:16, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

This is a brief list of the scientists and theories that have contributed to the history of emotions throughout time. Other scientists, like Fredrickson, have built upon the theories that have been proposed by Watson and Ekman to form many of the foundations of emotions that we understand and express today.

References

Barbara Fredrickson. (2018, October 29). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Fredrickson

Nassif, C., & Shellow, G. (2014, May 29). Facial Expressions and Emotions. Retrieved from https://my.vanderbilt.edu/developmentalpsychologyblog/2014/05/facial-expressions-and-emotions/

Zaborowski, R. (2010). From Thumos to Emotion and Feeling. Some Observations on the Passivity and Activity of Affectivity. History & Philosophy of Psychology, Vol. 12(1), pg. 1-25.

SamanthaSj (talk) 22:47, 29 November 2018 (UTC) Marley.virnig (talk) 22:49, 29 November 2018 (UTC) Ellen.Wall480 (talk) 22:58, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

Barbara Fredrickson. (2014, January). Retrieved from https://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/barb-fredrickson/ Ellen.Wall480 (talk)