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Prevalence

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (TTS) is most closely related to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). However, the commonality to its counterpart is much less or even rare in prevalence Studies have found that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) show signs of distal limb neuropathy. The posterior tibial nerve serves victim to peripheral neuropathy and often show signs of TTS amongst RA patients. Therefore, TTS is a common discovery found in the autoimmune disorder of rheumatoid arthritis

Incidence

Though TTS is rare in commonality, causality can usually be determined in 70% of reported cases. In the workplace TTS is considered a musculoskeletal disorder and accounts for 1.8 million cases a year, which accumulates to about $15-$20 billion a year New studies indicate an occurrence of TTS in sports placing high loads on the ankle joint (3). This can be seen in figure 1. TTS occurs more dominantly in active adults, with a higher pervasiveness among women . Active adults that experience more jumping and landing on the ankle joint are more susceptible (see figure 2). Though athletics and sport are correlations, cases are individualistically assessed because of the oddity.

Risk factors

Anything compromising the tunnel of the posterior tibial nerve proves significant in the risk of causing TTS. Neuropathy can occur in the lower limb through many modalities, some of which include obesity and inflammation around the joints. By association, this includes risk factors such as RA, compressed shoes, pregnancy, diabetes and thyroid diseases

Costs

As stated earlier, musculoskeletal disorders can cost up to $15-$20 billion in direct costs or $45-$55 billion in indirect expenses. This is about $135 million a day Tests that confirm or correct TTS require expensive treatment options like x-rays, CT-scans, MRI and surgery. 3 former options for TTS detect and locate, while the latter is a form of treatment to decompress tibial nerve pressure Since surgery is the most common form of TTS treatment, high financial burden is placed upon those diagnosed with the rare syndrome.

Increased pressure and high loads on the ankle joint can cause TTS as well as smaller than normal shoes. In this picture, most of the load is placed upon the knee and ankle joint.