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Religion and beliefs occupy an important place in the daily life of the nation of Senegal. A large majority (96%) of the Senegalese population is Muslim. Christians, (principally Catholics,) represent 3%. Traditional beliefs are officially practiced by 1% of the population, but members of other religions also often partake in traditional practices. Senegal is highly reputed for its religious tolerance.

Major religions in Senegal

Islam

More than 96% of the Senegalese population is Muslim, and this population practices a Sunni Islam based on the Ash’arite theology, the Malikite jurisprudence, and Sufism, represented in Senegal by the following brotherhoods: Tijanism, Mouridism, Qadiriyya, and Layenism. More recently, the NabyAllah movement has emerged and constructed the Mosque of the Divinity in Ouakam (see attached photo.)

The Layenes are a Muslim brotherhood based in Mahdism. C'est l'une des confréries du Sénégal et est originaire de Yoff, village lébou devenu l'une des communes d'arrondissement de Dakar. The founder is Seydina Limamou Laye. He began his prédication May 24, 1883, at the age of 40, presenting himself as the Imam of “Bien Guidés” or “imamoul Mahdi.” He taught and preached religious law and worship “clean and sincere,” removed from the traditions that he judged were not conforming to Islam.

Tijanism (Tarîqah Tijâniyyah) is the most important Sufi brotherhood in Senegal. In Senegal, the principal holy city of Tijanism is Tivouane, the home of marabout Malick Sy, (d. 1922.) Sy left a legacy of pacifist teachings. Il y a aussi Sokone Avec El Hadji Amadou Déme(1895-1973). Kaolack is another important city, for being the seat of marabout Baye Niass (1900-1975) who also taught a pacifist message. The first propagators were Oumar Tall who tried to lead a holy war (1852-1864) against the French and Mouhammadoul Hâmet BA. After the 2002 general census of the Senegalese population, the followers of Tijianism constitute around 60% of all Senegalese, making it the most represented brotherhood in the country.

The Mourisde constitute one of the most important brotherhoods in Senegal, and the most important Sufi brotherhood in Sub-Saharan Africa. The religious center of Mourides is the city of Touba, which houses one of the largest Mosques in Africa. The founder of the Mouride brotherhood is Marabout Ahmadou Bamba (1853- July 19, 1927.) Each year, the Mourides commemorate the exhile of Bamba during Magal, celebrated in the holy city of Touba. Each year, not less than 2 million people make this pilgrimage. Mourides constitute around 28% of the Senegalese population.

The Qadiriyya brotherhood is the oldest in Senegal, founded by the Sufi mystic Abd al Qadir al-Jilani in the 12th century. Qadiriyya constitute around 6% of the Senegalese population.

Christianity

Primarily found in the south of Senegal, in the Casamance region, Christians are largely of Serer heritage. They are also found in the large cities of Senegal, such as Dakar and Saint-Louis. Senegalese Christians have a site of pilgrimage at Popenguine. The Cathedral of Dakar was constructed at the beginning of the 20th century by father Daniel Brottier, founder of the orphelins apprentis d’Auteuil.

Protestantism is equally represented, among others, by the Protestant Church of Senegal.

Other beliefs

Animist practices are respected and many Senegalese maintain ancestral knowledge that is very strong. Senegalese hold several ancient beliefs, such as small efforts of ‘thanks’ or demands, such as protection from water. They also place great importance on the Baobab tree, which is known as the “House of the Spirits.”

Youth religiosity in Senegal

Religion is an integral part of daily life in Senegal, and this occurs very differently for adults and youths. Though many standard practices such as the celebration of large Senegalese religious holidays like Tabaski maintain importance for Senegalese people of all generations, other practices such as daily prayer and abstinence from drinking and drugs take on different roles for Senegalese youth than for their parents. But along with youths who have liberalized their understanding of religion, there are many Senegalese youth who have made changes of a more fundamentalist nature. Many Senegalese youth are reinstating earlier understandings of Islam, in many instances incorporating religion into their lives to a greater extent than that of their parents.

Changes in Religiosity

A notable sign of changing generational levels of religiosity is how youth have changed their interactions with the national political system. On one hand, an increase in religiosity of Senegalese youth has caused them to promote an increased level of religious involvement in political decision-making. Conversely, many youth-led political movements are associated with groups of young people who tend to deviate from the religious expectations of their parents, partaking in alcohol consumption as well as elements of Hip Hop Culture. For example, the Y’en a Marre (“Fed Up”) movement that developed in January of 2011 in response to the government inefficiency and youth un-involvement in Senegal was almost entirely youth-driven.

On the other hand, many Senegalese youth movements have centered on increasing the role of religion in political systems, particularly at the university level. Many student organizations have been created to attempt to promote these traditional values to Senegalese public life and politics. These groups include the Hizbut-Tarqiyyah, and the Association Musulmane des Etudiants d’Afrique Noire (AMEAN). Throughout the 1960s and 70s this upturn in religiosity was seen through the building of new mosques, and an increase in attention on Islamic organizations and news publications.

These movements have many sources of inspiration, some local and some international. Scholars have claimed that it is sometimes a lack of access to resources that drive youth to use religion as a source of empowerment, as well as a justification for violence in certain instances. However, in Senegal in the 1990s Islamic Revivalism originated largely from educated youths who had attended secular French schools.

One distinct issue in the existing literature about youth religiosity and politics in West Africa is a distinct focus on males, since they tend to dominate roles of religious authority in Muslim structures. This bias makes it even more difficult to make any generalizations about youth religiosity, since it would frequently be disregarding the sentiments of a large portion of the population. But it is apparent that religion serves a very different function for youth of this generation than it did for the previous one, in a pattern that was certainly passed down from the one before.

References

• “Touba: A Spiritual Metropolis in the Modern World” Eric Ross. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines , Vol. 29, No. 2 (1995), pp. 222-259
• Generational Changes, Political Stagnation, and the Evolving Dynamics of Religion and Politics in Senegal. Leonardo A. Villalón. Africa Today , Vol. 46, No. 3/4, Islam in Africa (Summer - Autumn, 1999), pp. 129-147

Markovitz, Irving Leonard. "Traditional Social Structure, the Islamic Brotherhoods, and Political Development in Senegal." The Journal of Modern African Studies 8.01 (1970): 73. Print. 'Après Senghor'--A Socialist Senegal? Pamela Cox and Richard Kessler. African Affairs , Vol. 79, No. 316 (Jul., 1980), pp. 327-342 Gomez-Perez, Muriel, Marie-Nathalie LeBlanc, and Mathias Savadogo. "Young Men And Islam In The 1990S: Rethinking An Intergenerational Perspective." Journal Of Religion In Africa 39.2 (2009): 186-218. ATLA Religion Database. Web. 2 Oct. 2013 Loimeier Roman. "L'Islam ne se vend plus: The Islamic Reform Movement and the State in Senegal." Journal of Religion in Africa , Vol. 30, Fasc. 2 (May, 2000), pp. 168-190 Diouf, Mamadou. "Urban Youth and Senegalese Politics: Dakar 1988-1994." Political Culture 8 (1996): 225-49. JSTOR. Web. 16 Apr. 2013.

Source CIA World Factbook, rubrique People/Religions [1] [archive]. Les mêmes chiffres sont donnés par le site officiel du gouvernements énégalais [2] [archive] La tolérance religieuse, reflet de l'aspiration d'une nation à la démocratie : dans la vie et l'œuvre de quatre auteurs sénégalais : Birago Diop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Léopold S. Senghor, Abdoulaye Sadje, Fondation Konrad Adenauer, 2007, 65 p.