For the Section "Supplement Quality and Concerns"
editBrominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)
Brominated flame retardants are compounds that help to reduce the flammability of combustible materials and are used widely in the production of furniture, textiles, electronics, and other materials. However, these compounds can leak out of the materials they are a part of and have been seen to accumulate in both humans and wildlife. In particular, diet has been shown to be a major contributor to human exposure, with fish and fish oil products having the highest amount of these compounds.[1][2] A study by Lyche et al. recommends that toddlers and infants watch their consumption of fish and fish oil, as the daily limit for BFRs may be exceeded when considering that other sources (breast milk, house dust) also may play a large part in compound exposure in this age group.[1]
Maybe New Section Called "Environmental Effects or Concerns" (something along those lines)
editAnother concern related to the production and demand of fish oil is the environmental impact of fisheries. A study by Greene et al. calls to attention the reduction of global wild fish populations, and how aquaculture operations often use other wild fish to feed the fish that they are farming, which may exacerbate the burden on fish stocks.[3] In addition, aquaculture in itself has negative impacts on the environment. These include pollutants (including uneaten feed, antibiotics, metals, the concentrated waste released, etc.) released into the environment and nearby wild fish populations, and the effect of having potentially drug-resistant farmed fish escaping and interacting with wild fish populations.[4] The growth of the aquaculture industry may also intensify these consequences.[4]
Adding on to the "Health Effects" Section (specifically the "Cardiovascular" part possibly)
editRandomized controlled trials have shown conflicting results from the consumption of fish oil or omega-3 fatty acids in at-risk patient populations. These include a study showing that fish oil intake led to a 29% reduction in all-cause mortality in a cohort of 2033 men with a recent myocardial infarction.[5] In addition, another study found that Eicosapentaenoic acid (a major omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oil) led to a 19% reduction in major cardiovascular events after five years in a cohort of 18,645 statin-treated Japanese Hypercholesterolaemic patients.[6] The ORIGIN trial however found that omega-3 fatty acids had no reduced risk of cardiovascular events in 12,536 individuals with or with a high risk of type 2 diabetes, and the OPERA study found that omega-3 fatty acids no reduction of risk of post-operative atrial fibrilation in 1,516 patients who underwent cardiac surgery.[7][8]
References
edit- ^ a b Lyche, Jan L.; Rosseland, Carola; Berge, Gunnar; Polder, Anuschka (2015-01). "Human health risk associated with brominated flame-retardants (BFRs)". Environment International. 74: 170–180. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.006. ISSN 0160-4120.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Food". EFSA Journal. 9 (5): 2156. 2011-05. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2156. ISSN 1831-4732.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Greene, Jonathan; Ashburn, Sarah M.; Razzouk, Louai; Smith, Donald A. (2013-09). "Fish Oils, Coronary Heart Disease, and the Environment". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (9): 1568–1576. doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300959. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3780665. PMID 23409906.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Greene, Jonathan; Ashburn, Sarah M.; Razzouk, Louai; Smith, Donald A. (2013-11). "Greene et al. Respond". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (11): e4–e5. doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301551. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3828718. PMID 24028224.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Burr, M.L.; Gilbert, J.F.; Holliday, R.M.; Elwood, P.C.; Fehily, A.M.; Rogers, S.; Sweetnam, P.M.; Deadman, N.M. (September 1989). "EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FAT, FISH, AND FIBRE INTAKES ON DEATH AND MYOCARDIAL REINFARCTION: DIET AND REINFARCTION TRIAL (DART)". The Lancet. 334 (8666): 757–761. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90828-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ^ Yokoyama, Mitsuhiro; Origasa, Hideki; Matsuzaki, Masunori; Matsuzawa, Yuji; Saito, Yasushi; Ishikawa, Yuichi; Oikawa, Shinichi; Sasaki, Jun; Hishida, Hitoshi (2007-03). "Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis". The Lancet. 369 (9567): 1090–1098. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60527-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "n–3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Dysglycemia". New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (4): 309–318. 2012-07-26. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203859. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ^ Mozaffarian, Dariush; Marchioli, Roberto; Macchia, Alejandro; Silletta, Maria G.; Ferrazzi, Paolo; Gardner, Timothy J.; Latini, Roberto; Libby, Peter; Lombardi, Federico (2012-11-21). "Fish Oil and Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation". JAMA. 308 (19): 2001. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.28733. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 3694745. PMID 23128104.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)