Copied From Free clinic
Key: Copied Wikipedia Text | My own drafted Text | Anjelli's peer edit
History
editThe modern concept of a free clinic originated in San Francisco when Dr. David Smith founded the Haight Ashbury Free Clinic in 1967.[1] From there free clinics spread to other California cities and then across the United States. Free clinics were originally started in the 1960s and 1970s to provide drug treatments.[2] Each one offered a unique set of services, reflecting the particular needs and resources of the local community. Some were established to provide medical services in the inner cities while others opened in the suburbs and many student-run free clinics have emerged that serve the underserved as well as provide a medical training site for students in the health professions. What they share in common is that care is made possible through the service of volunteers, the donation of goods and community support. There is little – if any – government funding for most free clinics, so a free clinic's chances of success is largely determined by the support it receives from its own community.
In 2001 the National Association of Free and Charitable Clinics (NAFC) was founded in Washington, D.C. to advocate for the issues and concerns of free and charitable clinics. Free clinics are defined by the NAFC as "safety-net health care organizations that utilize a volunteer/staff model to provide a range of medical, dental, pharmacy, vision and/or behavioral health services to economically disadvantaged individuals. Such clinics are 501(c)3 tax-exempt organizations, or operate as a program component or affiliate of a 501(c)(3) organization."[3] In time various state and regional organizations where formed including the Free Clinics of the Great Lakes Region, Lone Star Association of Charitable Clinic (Texas), North Carolina Association of Free Clinics, Ohio Association of Free Clinics and the Virginia Association of Free and Charitable Clinics (est. 1993). In 2005 Empowering Community Healthcare Outreach (ECHO) was established to assist churches and other community organizations start and run free and charitable clinics.
In 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed, which provided a potential to eliminate the need for Free Clinics. This reform aimed to make healthcare insurance more accessible to low and middle class families. However, the implementation of the ACA proved to be more challenging as some states chose not to enforce it. Additionally, the ACA does not support undocumented immigrants, which means that health care outside of the free clinic to those who are undocumented remain relatively inaccessible. Furthermore, the election of President Trump into office altered the reform that will result in an overall increase in the cost of health insurance in the long run. [4] [IMPORTED]
- You did a really great job at encyclopedic tone here. It's concise and neutral! I would maybe recommend looking into creating a new section or just sub-header under for "Challenges and Threats to Free Clinics" to differentiate the kind of information since the paragraphs before it look at funding and state/regional organizations. By doing this, you could even upon expand upon what you already brought up (for example, the others kinds of changes that Trump enacted in his Presidency etc).
Edit #2
> action: can create new subheading "Challenges and Threats (?) to Free Clinics"
> can also move the paragraph under effectiveness that talks about various challenges encountered by Free Clinics; however I do think that because it fits better under history, although creating section would work.
> ? for Prof Talwalker: should i conduct further research on this?
Location
edit
Free clinics are usually located near the people they are trying to serve. In most cases they are located near other nonprofits that serve the same target community such as food-banks, Head Start, Goodwill Industries, the Salvation Army and public housing. Because free clinics often refer people to other medical facilities for lab work, dentistry, and other services, they may also be found in the same area of town as those medical facilities. Some clinics have working agreements with the other facilities that are willing to assist with the clinics mission. Being close to the other medical facilities makes it easier for patients to get from one to the other. ------Being close to other medical facilities also makes it easier to find medically trained volunteers.----(move this sentence)--
Free clinics do not necessarily exist to meet healthcare needs of a community. The perceived need for a free clinic plays a larger factor with the establishment of a free clinic, which is observed by clinic founders from the lack of community health centers such as FQHC (Federally Qualified Health Centers). Another contributing factor to the existence of free clinics in communities is supply side conditions, as the availability of financial and human resources allows for clinics to be sustainable. [5]
- The beginning of your second sentence here seems a little redundant - I would suggest rephrasing. Maybe something along the lines of "The perceived lack of community health centers such as FQHC within areas is often the motivation for community leaders in establishing a free clinic." However I also feel like this second sentence as a whole clashes with the first sentence too. Don't community health centers exist to meet the needs of the community? Maybe differentiate between a community health center versus a free clinic and their role in meeting community health care needs. However, neutrality and conciseness is still there and it flows nicely with the content that's already on the wiki page. Great job!
EDIT #2:
Contrary to a common assumption, currently existing free clinics were not necessarily established to respond to an increase in the amount of individuals who cannot afford healthcare in a given community. The prevalence of free clinics in certain areas is due to the availability of financial and human resources. For example, being close to teaching hospitals, universities, and medical facilities makes it easier to find medically trained volunteers. Furthermore, the lack of Federally Qualified Community Health Centers (FQHC) and other safety-net providers within a certain area often becomes the perceived need that motivates community leaders to establish a free clinic. [5] [IMPORTED]
Most free clinics start out using donated space; others start by renting or leasing space. In time and with enough community support, many go on to acquire their own buildings. Donated space may be an entire building, or it might be a couple of rooms within a church, hospital, or another business. Because the clinic will house confidential medical records, prescription medications, and must remain as clean as possible, donated space is usually set aside for the sole use of the clinic even when the clinic is closed.
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ARTICLE 2:
Copied From: Health of Filipino Americans
Key: Copied Wikipedia Text | My own drafted Text
Influence of socio-cultural factors
editIt is important to consider both the Filipino and American cultural influences on Filipino Americans to understand the root of Filipino American health practices and behaviors.[6][7] Addressing culture in healthcare is complicated because of the possibility of feeding stereotypes. [8]
Different cultural values held by an American physician may become a barrier in providing proper care to a Filipino American patient, especially for those who are recent immigrants. Filipino values of sensitivity and concern for an individual's limitations may clash with American values which tend to side on openness and frankness. [9] Health providers whose values may not align with that of the Filipino American patient may not trust the physician and consider them as "ibang tao" (not one of us). This may create a disconnect with the patient who may respond at a superficial level. [9] [10]
Integration of the Filipino culture in the health care interventions of Filipino Americans can be useful in improving participation and health outcomes. Tailoring health screening recruitment strategies, educational materials that build on existing values, and employing Filipino staff who reflect the population have been seen to improve outcomes for Filipino American communities. [11] [ IMPORTED]
>>> Move paragraph to "Help-seeking behaviors"
>>>Filipino Americans are least likely to seek support from professional mental health providers for several reasons, including fear of shame as well as effects of oppression, indicated by racial discrimination and cultural mistrust. Filipino Americans turn to get support through more indigenous coping strategies, such as religion, spirituality, or family as sources for help.[12]
Although most are familiar with prevention practices, such as health screenings, its importance is usually not well understood so it is not applied as common practice. Elderly Filipinos may choose rather to self-monitor and assess their own illness especially in its early stages. [9] [10] Encouraging prevention practices such as health screenings may be difficult as some adult family members may discourage participation as a means of trying to protect their loved one from external forces. [9] [IMPORTED]
>>> Add section on "Language"
Although most Filipinos are proficient in English, language continues to be a barrier in providing proper healthcare. Filipinos take pride in being able to speak English which is perceived as a sign of higher social status, thus they may refuse the need for an interpreter. However, communicating in English may still prove to be challenging in high-stress situations.[9] [IMPORTED]
>>> Add section "Family and Community Dynamics" Like many immigrant groups, Filipino elderly and recent immigrants may already feel like a burden to their families after having gone through the process of immigrating; thus they tend to hide their health concerns to prevent imposing more stress and a greater financial burden amongst their families [10].
*add a sentence about authoritative/patriarchal Filipino family structures* :
Filipino families are hierarchal in that family members of a younger age are taught to obey and follow their elders, including their older siblings.[13] Thus when patients seek care, may look to a family member to make a decision for them regarding their health options. [9]
On the other hand, family and community relationships can be useful as a means of promoting health: engaging Filipino American communities as a whole on certain health projects can help advance health related initiatives, such as preventative care. Research shows that, in providing a sense of community and a place for different generations of immigrants to meet and learn from each other, community centers provide effective spaces for addressing preventative health.[9][10][11] [IMPORTED]
> Rename Prevention and Healing Practices, by adding the 'Alternative' in front of it
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- ^ Seymour, Richard (1987) The Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinics: Still free after all these years, 1967-1987. San Francisco, California: Partisan Press.
- ^ Rubin, Rita (2017-08-15). "Half-century After "Summer of Love," Free Clinics Still Play Vital Role". JAMA. 318 (7): 598. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.8631. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ^ "What is a Free or Charitable Clinic?". nafcclinics.org. National Association of Free Clinics. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- ^ Ghazal, Marie; Rambur, Betty (2018-02). "Free Clinics and the Need for Nursing Action in Uncertain Political Times". Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice. 19 (1–2): 3–10. doi:10.1177/1527154418777864. ISSN 1527-1544.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Darnell, Julie (2011-10). "What is the Role of Free Clinics in the Safety Net?". Medical Care: 1. doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3182358e6d. ISSN 0025-7079.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Gage, Sue-Je L.; Gong, Fang; Tacata Jr., Leonardo A. (2003). "Helpseeking behavior among Filipino Americans: a cultural analysis of face and language". Journal of Community Psychology. 31 (5): 469–488. doi:10.1002/jcop.10063.
- ^ Quintana, Stephen (2007). "Racial and Ethnic Identity: Developmental Perspectives and Research". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 54 (3): 259–270. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.259.
- ^ Tervalon, Melanie; Murray-García, Jann (1998). "Cultural Humility Versus Cultural Competence: A Critical Distinction in Defining Physician Training Outcomes in Multicultural Education". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 9 (2): 117–125. doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0233. ISSN 1548-6869.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Filipino American Older Adults". Geriatrics. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
- ^ a b c d Daus-Magbual, Roderick Raña; Magbual, Richard Sean (2013), Yoo, Grace J.; Le, Mai-Nhung; Oda, Alan Y. (eds.), "The Health of Filipina/o America: Challenges and Opportunities for Change", Handbook of Asian American Health, Springer New York, pp. 47–57, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2227-3_4., ISBN 978-1-4614-2226-6, retrieved 2019-12-11
{{citation}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ^ a b Domingo, Jermy-Leigh B.; Gavero, Gretchenjan; Braun, Kathryn L. (2018-05-17). "Strategies to Increase Filipino American Participation in Cardiovascular Health Promotion: A Systematic Review". Preventing Chronic Disease. 15: 170294. doi:10.5888/pcd15.170294. ISSN 1545-1151.
- ^ Tuazon, Anna Cristina (May 2013). "Colonial Mentality and Mental Health Help-Seeking Attitudes Among Filipino Americans". Wright Institute Graduate School of Psychology – via UMI Dissertation Publishing.
- ^ Vance, ARR (1999). "Developing Cultural Sensitivity When Your Client is Filipino". Journal of Practical Nursing. 49(4): 16–20.